Child Diabetes Essay - 1142 Words

In today’s world, parents have an abundance of worries when it comes to their children. Drugs, bad grades, and pre marital sex are just some things that may plague a parent with sleepless nights. But even on the worst of those nights of worry, most parents can’t imagine that their child could face an illness. Not just a runny nose or seasonal flu, but an illness that would affect their child throughout his or her entire life. Diabetes is a disease without a cure, and one that more, and more children have to live with. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that begins when the pancreas quits making insulin. Insulin plays a key role by letting glucose enter the body’s cells, and then uses it for energy. When the body doesn’t get the†¦show more content†¦Sporting events, church activities, chores, playing and homework take up most of a child’s waking hours. The monitoring and treatment of this disease affects everything the child does and in turn affects the entire family. Keeping the insulin levels within normal limits requires diligent monitoring of blood glucose levels and managing the child’s diet is extremely important. When blood glucose levels fall out of the normal range the main treatment for Type 1 Diabetes requires insulin therapy. The Insulin therapy is needed to replace or supplement what insulin the body can’t provide. Some factors that affect blood glucose levels are: insulin, food, activity, exercise, and stress ( Daneman, Frank Perlman, 1999). Because of the difficulties that families with child diabetes face it is hard for the families not to revolve everything they do around the child. Although there is no easy answer to this problem HK Akerblom explains it well,â€Å" Insulin therapy should be fitted into the daily schedule and way of life of the child and the family, rather than the child and family living their lives according to a strict timetable determined by the insulin therapy†(1998). Unlike Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes has generally been seen as a disease that adults develop; it was once commonly called adult-onset diabetes. Although, studies have shown that the number of children developing the disease isShow MoreRelatedDiabetes : The Development Of Child Development And Hormonal Implications For Children1199 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes can be a challenge for all ages, especially for children who are just reaching puberty. Transitioning from childhood to adolescence can be a difficult process for average children, and this is even a harder phase for diabetic children who used to be only dependent on their parents for everything, including insulin monitoring and management. However the transition can improve diabetic children’s assessment and knowledge of how to monitor blood glucose and to administer their insulin injectionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On The Treatment Of Diabetes1451 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes technology and online pat ient presence has reached a point where social media could make a substantial impact on diabetes treatment. The ideas are already starting to take hold, with social technology like DiaSend and CareLink, as well as social networks like TuDiabetes and PatientsLikeMe, leading the way. The future of diabetes and social media involves patients and physicians sharing information with each other like never before. The benefits include more efficient hospitals and moreRead MoreA Program For Encourage Diabetes Management And Prevention1454 Words   |  6 Pages Aisha Hanif Introduction St. John’s Well Child in Los Angeles has created a program to encourage Diabetes management and prevention. The program, established in 2008, aims to help patients manage their diabetes through weekly classes, educating them on maintaining healthy diets, self-regulating their blood sugar levels and creating daily exercise routines. The program at St. John’s follows many constructs of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), a model that uses various stages and processes ofRead MoreType  ­ 2 Diabetes : An Epidemic1426 Words   |  6 PagesType ­2 Diabetes is an epidemic, increasingly affecting the lives of people almost of all ages as it becomes more known among youth and is even affecting our unborn. Diabetes in New Zealand as stated by the ‘Ministry of Health New Zealand’ has been recorded in December, 2013 that over 240,000 people have been diagnosed with mostly Type ­2 Diabetes and it is said that around 100,000 more may have not been diagnosed yet. This is becoming a crisis because around 5.4% of the population has it, with itRead MorePaper On Type 2 Diabetes754 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States help people reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes with the YMCA Diabetes Prevention Program. This program helps individuals with prediabetes eat healthier, increase physical activi ty and lose weight to delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes (â€Å"Program Overview,† 2017). In the program, a trained lifestyle coach guides small group discussion about behavior changes that can be beneficial for diabetes management through 25 one-hour sessions delivered across a one yearRead MoreThe Potential Effects Of Five Different Life Factors On The Development Of An Individual1716 Words   |  7 Pageswell because sometimes people inherit the faulty version of a gene that causes health problems and a normal version of a gene that does not cause a health condition. There are different types of genetic factors. I will be looking at Down’s syndrome, diabetes and cystic fibrosis. Down’s syndrome Down’s syndrome is a genetic condition that typically causes some level of learning disability. People with Down’s syndrome may have a variety of birth defects. About half all affected children are born withRead MoreA Research Study On Juvenile Diabetes1243 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyze a chronic illness that was encountered on the day of care. Juvenile Diabetes Experiencing juvenile diabetes through the eyes of a school nurse has enabled me to identify how this disease affects our youth. According to Medscape, Juvenile Diabetes is a condition that prevents the pancreas from production of insulin due to the â€Å"autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas†. This can all be overwhelming for a child due to the requirement of constant care, affected children must learn howRead MoreType 1 Diabetes : Disease Control And Prevention1589 Words   |  7 PagesType 1 Diabetes According to Centers of Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) and American Diabetes Association that in 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population had diabetes. Of which, approximately 1.25 million American children and adults have type 1 diabetes. It is also stated in the American Diabetes Association that 8.1 million of the 29.1 million were undiagnosed. A statistics from the CDC shows that 1 out of 4 people do not know they have diabetes supporting the American DiabetesRead MoreEssay on Exploring the Different Forms and Effects of Diabetes555 Words   |  3 PagesDiabetes is a very well known disorder and serious illness. Also, Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism and the way our bodies use digested food for growth and energy. There are three types of diabetes, these include Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes (Bernstein). There are many factors that play into the development of this disease such as with Type 1 diabetes it is a disease that affe cts the way your body uses food. This type of diabetes is usually found in children as wellRead MoreThe Treatment Of Pancreatic Transplants1251 Words   |  6 PagesPancreatic transplants have had a lot of advancements over the last several years to help patients with Type 1 DM and the complications that arise from the disease. The increasing numbers of people with diabetes is cause for concern. In some cases diabetes can be prevented but in others its more about genetics; but with many medical advances patients have a better chance for survival. With advancements in surgical procedures pancreatic transplants are improving as well as the increased odds of

Can we trust our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge Free Essays

Mankind shares psychological phenomena known as emotion that is a natural state of mind deriving from a person. 1 By means of this special ability, trusting our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge can be questioned, as it is a circumstance that involves only an individual, there might be an increasing chance of being invalid. This generalization can be countered by the fact there can be influences of emotion in pursuing knowledge in many cases such as in two particular Areas of Knowledge: History and Natural Science. We will write a custom essay sample on Can we trust our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge? or any similar topic only for you Order Now As such, the knowledge issues rose: To what extent does emotion hinder our acquisition of knowledge? This question examines what role emotion play in the pursuit of knowledge and whether or not emotion is a source of knowledge or otherwise, an obstacle to knowledge. In history, the sense of trusting emotions in the process of knowledge acquisition in History as a discourse is rarely ideal. The explanation for this is that emotions can wrongly paint our perceptions for proofs to prop historical facts and events. When referring to emotions, it is possible to develop a negative attitude from the evidence presented. There can be of a lot of benefits of the study in history discourse. History aids in understanding what is being studied, give insight of who did it and the approximate or the actual period a study or event occurred. Emotions restrain and influence rationality and thereby leading to distorted history and false facts. An example of emotion is probable forces involving the trial David Irving Vs. Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin publishers. David was accused of being a racist and anti-Semitic by claiming that Holocaust never happened. During a trial, he came up with the evidence to prop his claim that Holocaust never happened. In his evidence, he claimed that there was no official plan or policy to put the Jewish race into termination though there was a proof of the Wansee conference where the Nazis met to plan against the Jews. In the trial, the court was also notified that he used to sing a racist song to his daughters2and based on this fact therefore, one can deduct that he had confirmation biasness owing from his emotions (hatred), towards Jewish race. This biasness therefore, masked the facts of the Holocaust causing the defendant to see things from one dimension which impacted on his judgment and reasoning. Irving was even consistence in his bias by claiming that the gas chambers were not met to exterminate humans but was for delousing. This claim was then discredited by doctors and remained as a conflictive issue. From this point therefore, emotions are not trustworthy in the process of acquisition of knowledge in history. Whilst emotions may negatively impact the history leading to distortion, some emotions can have a positive impact on history as a discourse. These emotions of liking and enthusiasm towards an event, thing, place or group may make one develop the sense of searching for more knowledge concerning the subject and therefore this leads to one quest for unearthing the deep hidden facts on the subject and hence producing facts require in History. Example here is: it is the deep sense of belonging and deep feeling of enthusiasm that led to the Egyptians Hussein Bassir, Ahmad Faschri, Sami Gabra, Zakaria Goneim, Labib Habachi among others venture into Egyptology (Study of ancient Egypt). 3 That affection gives these individuals challenges for unearthing more artifacts for ancient history that helps articulate the pieces of Ancient Egypt history and hence an example of positive contribution of emotion to history. 4 In natural science, emotions also may impact the acquisition for knowledge to a great extent. In pharmacology for example, a negative attitude of a researcher in determining the medicinal value, toxicity and the dosage of a certain physiologically active compound (P. A. C. ) from a given herbal might lead to biased research. This has the potential to lead to wrong administrations of bioassays and test of the very same dosage that may lead to negative result even if the P. A. C. is present in large quantities, the result are then pre-set to read negative due to the attitude of the researcher that is likely to affect his dexterity, carefulness and also  perception. This finally leads to a wrong conclusion that in the real sense lacks scientific approval or disapproval as the biasness brought about by emotions led to successive blunders in the following of scientific syntaxes and therefore wrong conclusion and results at the long run. A perfect example to this is a certain Biology class in High Ridge High school where, students were asked to observe different cells in blood samples under a light microscope. The students first perceived that one could not visualize blood cells since it was their first time to do so and more so did it against their wish of using the new microscopes as opposed to the old ones they were obliged to use. Due to the inbuilt feeling that the old microscopes were not as efficient as the new ones therefore, the students smeared their specimen on a slide and then mounted it on a microscope without staining the specimen and hence could not visualize blood cells. In their report to the respective tutor, the students wrote that there was absence of blood cells and the test was negative. The truth of the matter was the negative emotion of being denied the chance to use new microscope outflanked the result orientation in the minds of the students to the extent that they forgot the most crucial step that could lead to success of their scientific activity. Emotions, i. e.  attitude, love, hatred, happiness, moods, affection and all others are not worth trust in the process of knowledge acquisition be it in History as a field of discourse, philosophy, natural sciences and even language since the perception of emotions occurs in brain and the knowledge acquisition still occurs in brain and therefore, negative conception of a certain idea might lead to biasness that might distort the much required fact either in history research or in natural science. Emotions mask one’s rationality to reason as per the expectations and therefore in that sense impair ones judgment. In the two cases that we have examined, Irving failed to acknowledge the eventuality of Genocide in Germany by the Nazi regime and went further to claim that the murderous gas chambers used were for delousing and not killing humans. Secondly, due to the preset emotions of the students, they fail to stain their specimens and this leads them to wrong results and subsequently conclusions owing to their negative attitude towards using old microscopes as opposed to new ones. The error that occurs is not as attribute of the microscopes but students’ ignorance and negative attitude. It is worth a note also that emotions are not always detrimental to acquisition of knowledge but at times beneficial to the process of knowledge acquisition if at all they are positive as per the case of patriotic Egyptians in their career as Egyptologist. How to cite Can we trust our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge?, Papers

Effectiveness of Decision Making Systems and Techniques Enhancing

Question: Discuss About Effectiveness Of Decision Making Systems And Techniques Enhancing? Answer: Introduction Group decision making otherwise known as cooperative decision making is a situation when individuals collectively make a choice from a range of alternatives. The decision that is taken is not attributable to a single individual or a member of the group (Ghaferi, 2016). In a group decision making all the individuals and group members influences as well as contributes to the outcome. There are various kinds of group decision making such as the conscientious decision making, voting based methods, delphi methods. The current report selects and evaluates the usefulness of numerous decisions making tools reflective on the decision making styles and contracting with other styles. It also determined the respective levels of rationality and intuition that has been utilized. Nagarathinam (2016) stated that the range of decision making in business context has been compared, contrasted and critically evaluated. Major decisions require analysis and interpretation of the data. Effective decision m aking requires an individual able to interpret and read the data quickly or make judgment for the importance of the data set to the issue. The data that has been collected can be found in different sources. According to Parumasur (2013), meta analysis is an analysis of all the quantity data that has undertaken in the field that provides summary analysis of the field of the study. The majority of decision involves boards, executive teams, committees, cabinets, jury's panels, tribunals as well as other forms of groups or teams. The most important benefit of teamwork is synergy that is the capacity of the team in becoming more productive and creative through working together. It has been found that teamwork is essential and is better than individual achieving the work separately. Effective teams make better decision because of the shared knowledge and collective wisdom. However Orphan team struggles in making effective decision due to lack of effective process of collaborative decision making (Vargas, 2017). The current report provides an experience and reflection on the decision making in a virtual team among the fellow students. The problem situation is also critically analyzed for uncovering the complexities and generating and evaluating a range of creative solution to resolve the issues. Appropriate research methodologies has been selected and applied in regards to a diverse variety of applied management as well as tasks of leadership in the current report. References Ghaferi, A. A., Dimick, J. B. (2016). Importance of teamwork, communication and culture on failure?to?rescue in the elderly.British Journal of Surgery,103(2), 47-51. Nagarathinam, D., Lakshmanan, L. (2016). The Importance of Group Discussion and the Role of Participants.Language in India,16(4), 3-4. Parumasur, S. B., Govender, P. (2013). The importance of teamwork, continuous top management support and training in bringing about TQM.Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies,5(9), 639-650. Vargas, A., Diaz, D. (2017). Going along with the crowd? The importance of group effects for environmental deliberative monetary valuation.Cuadernos de Economa,36(

The Agony of Reconstruction free essay sample

Fifty percent take oath of loyalty 2. Only those who swore having never supported the Confederacy could elect delegates to constitutional conventions 3. Did not require black suffrage but gave federal government power to enforce emancipation 4. Lincoln pocket vetoes the bill and dies before compromise plan is worked out Ill. Andrew Johnson presidency A. Background B. Reconstruction policy 1. Placed southern states under appointed provisional governors 2. Appointed governors to call constitutional conventions (and participants had to swear loyalty oath) 3. Confederate Military officers and political leaders had to seek residential pardons to regain political and property rights 4. Unlike Lincoln, Johnson added people whose taxable property greater than $20,000 to the list of those needing presidential pardons C. Johnnys recommendations to the conventions 1. Declare secession illegal 2. Refuse to pay Confederate debts 3. Ratify 13th Amendment (Jan 1 865) that abolished slavery D. Conventions results 1 . Reluctantly approved Johnnys recommendations, some with qualifications 2. Limited suffrage to whites 3. Black Codes-?laws designed to keep blacks a semi-free, cheap abort and place limits on socioeconomic opportunities for blacks 4. We will write a custom essay sample on The Agony of Reconstruction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ex-Confederate leaders were elected to office because of Johnnys generous pardon and amnesty policy. IV. Split between Johnson and Congress A. Issues 1. House and Senate refuse to seat southern delegation Congress wants further conditions for readmission 3. Johnson wants quick Reconstruction and return to normalcy a. Vetoes the extension of the Freedmans Bureau B. Results b. Vetoes the Civil Rights Act 1 . Shocked moderate Republicans ally themselves with Radicals 2.Congress overrides veto of the Civil Rights Act C. National Union Party-?Johnnys parry uniting reviving Democratic Party With Republicans who support him D. 14th Amendment (June 1866) 1 . Gave citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U. S. 2. Passed by Congress and required southern states to ratify 3. Johnson opposed it because it denied states the right to manage their own affairs 4. Weakened by the Slaughterhouse cases of 1 873 a. Federal government obliged to protect only basic rights of NATIONAL citizens IP state b.Federal government did not have to protect such rights against violations E. Causes of Radical Reconstruction plan 1 . Black codes enrage Congress 2. Race riots in New Orleans and Memphis 3. Election of former Confederates to Congress 4. Resistance of southern legislatures to the 14th Amendment 5. Radical Republicans favored black suffrage and federal support of schools 6. Radical Republicans wanted to crush the planter aristocracy and revolutionize southern institutions, habits, and manners 7. Radical Republicans believed that Congress should direct construction V.

Martin Luther King and Severn Suzuki - Calls to Action essays

Martin Luther King and Severn Suzuki - Calls to Action essays I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King and Address to the Plenary Session, Earth Summit by Severn Suzuki, both authors raises their concerns. In the speech I Have a Dream, Martin addresses prominent issues by exposing the racial injustice African Americans faces. I Address to the Plenary Session, Earth Summit Severn Suzuki raised her concern about the destruction of the environment. Both authors utilize their distinctive voice to passes the power in order to create some kind of hope and awareness to the audience. Both Speeches requires action to be taken to fix the concern of the context. Martin Luther King's distinctive voice is a composition of techniques that enables him to alternate the concern of his context. In this speech Martin also demonstrate that hope exists if action is taken in order to eradicate discrimination. Martin Luther Kings speech brings hope to the African American, his reason to engage with the audience is to get a closer relationship with them making it easier for him to communicate and immense the audience into a realm manifested by the distinctive concerns of his time. His quote we cannot walk alone and Let Freedom ring, the combination of the 2 quotes brings hope into the audience. We cannot walk alone the meaning of this quote is, the power of one person is unable to change anything, but together theyre able to stop racial segregation and make changes to their life. Let Freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi this quote is very demanding, he wants freedom to fall on Mississippi City. Martin Luther King uses anaphor a and repetition to emphasize his point. I have a dream, each and every individual in this world have their own dream, every single African American have their hope and dream. African American s dream was to become free with equal rights, their d...

Free sample - Pope Benedict XVI- Jesus of Nazareth. translation missing

Pope Benedict XVI- Jesus of Nazareth. Pope Benedict XVI- Jesus of NazarethI found the book by Pope Benedict XVI an excellent historical depiction of Jesus not portrayed by modern culture, but one of the true historical perspectives according to the Early Church and resources of the Catholic Church. There is no the most commonly used plot as Jesus ’life. This is the first book about Jesus Christ ever written by a Roman Catholic Pontiff. But this book is unique, because the author is Pope himself and Pope assumes the position of an ordinary believer. The book of Pope Benedict XVI † Jesus of Nazareth† is not a learned scholar of religion, not history or research methodology, but personal experience in understanding of Jesus. The author is level with his interlocutor- all the people, he addressed to. Both humility and courage you can find out in this golden deed. The author highlighted the main problem Christianity faces nowadays. The dramatic reality of our times is the fact that, for the first time in tw o thousand years, the majority of the people could lose their perception of the only thing that always inspired them the Personality of Christ. In my opinion there is an urgent need for books like that by Benedict XVI to make sure that it will not happen. His aim is to save the personality of Jesus from ‘popular’ depictions and to restore Jesus’ gospel identity. Pope shows the readers a rich, flesh-and-blood incarnation of Christ. One of the characteristics of Jesus’ portrait is Love, which fills all the pages and leads the author. As for the author himself, he is shown as a usual believer, trying to express his own thoughts and opinions. He writes, that â€Å"Everyone is free, then to contradict me. I would only ask my readers for that initial willingness to sympathize, without which there can be no understanding.† (Foreword, XXIV) We read in ‘Jesus of Nazareth’, that â€Å"the great question that will be with us throughout this entir e book: But what has Jesus really brought, then, if he has not brought world peace, universal prosperity, and a better world? What has he brought? The answer is very simple: God. He has brought God! He has brought the God who once gradually unveiled his countenance first to Abraham, then to Moses and the prophets, and then in the wisdom literature- the God who showed his face only in Israel, even though he was also honored among the pagans in various shadowy guises. It is this God, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, the true God, whom he has brought to the peoples of the earth. He has brought God, and now we know his face, now we can call upon him. Now we know the path that we human beings have to take in this world. Jesus has brought God and with God the truth about where we are going and where we come from: faith, hope, and love.† Pope is well-known by his sharp criticism of capitalization of modern society, spiritual enslavement of developing countries. He doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t hide his position in the book. Considering the faith in the modern world, Joseph Ratzinger tells what it means to be a witness of Christ nowadays. In the terms of indifferent and even hostile world it is becoming a personal risk. The world has greatly changed. Seeking for well-to-do lifestyle, in many cases people forget about soul and faith. This point is best stated by Pope Benedict XVI. â€Å"The aid offered by the West to developing countries has been purely technically and materially based and not only has left God out of the picture, but has driven Men away from God. And this aid claiming to know better is itself what first turned the "third world into what we mean today by that term. It has thrust aside indigenous religions, ethical and social structures and filled the resulting vacuum with a technocratic mind-set. The idea we could turn stones into bread; instead our aid has only given stones in its place.† (‘Jesus of Nazareth’, p.33) I was greatly impressed the fact, that the author depicts Jesus as someone alive, who is known well to everybody. That’s true, because Christianity is ‘meeting’ with God in the person of human, with God, who is everyone’s intimate friend. Love to Christ is above all. That’s why Pope Benedict XVI decided to tell his own words about Christ and his words were heard. Having read the book, I was greatly interested in the personality of Pope Benedict XVI. He is not a dull theologian, but a thinking and decisive person, who has strong views on life. Especially I liked his manner of speaking about habitual things, uncovering their core.

THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR PROCESS ON REACTION TIME Essay

THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR PROCESS ON REACTION TIME - Essay Example Consequently, it has been postulated that the principal anatomic structures affected by these disorders, namely, the cerebellum and basal ganglia are important in the effective running of the timing apparatus for these functions. The involvement of the cerebellum and the basal ganglia in the motor and perceptual timing has been documented by imaging of brain while performing various timing tasks, such as, repetitive and tapping maneuvers. This involves other parameters such as duration discrimination, velocity discrimination, rhythm discrimination, temporal discrimination, and time production and reproduction. Voluntary movements are prepared before they are executed. If there is an instruction stimulus, before the go cue, there would be a delay. With this concept, the reaction time can be defined as the latent period or time interval from the go cue to time of onset of movement. Reactions times are shorter when the delays are longer, suggesting there is some time-consuming preparatory process that is given a head start by this delay. Delay-period activity is typically tuned for the instruction and is therefore predictive of reaction time, and it is suspected that delay period activity is the substrate of motor preparation occurring at that time. A neural activity, if at all it is designed to generate movement must rise above a threshold to trigger the motor activity (Akkal, D., Escola, L., Bioulac, B., Burbaud, P., 2004). If there is an instructed delay, that could allow activity to attain threshold leading to reduction in the subsequent reaction time. If the motor system takes some time to rise to threshold, as is expected, higher firing rates would lead to shorter reaction times. Alternatively, the produced movement is a function of the state of preparatory activity after the trigger. For each probable movement, it is necessary that there would be a firing rate in the subspace that is optimal, optimal in the sense that it would be appropriate and sufficient to generate a sufficiently accurate movement. The time given for motor preparation thus therefore essentially is optimization that brings firing rates from their initial state to the appropriate subspace. This allows for a wait time for execution of the movement, and this wait time may lead to subtle drifts in the activity, but as long as firing rates remain within the optimal subspace, the motor preparation would remain complete. It can be predicted consequently that the delay period firing occupy a smallish subspace that is different and unique for each instructed movement. The reaction time is the time between the onset of a stimulus and the motor response to it. As a result, there would be a perceptual latency that is denoted by the time from stimulus onset to time of stimulus detection as well as in the motor time, which is the time it takes to perform the motor task. The motor process can vary from one to another individual depending on type, intensity, and the background of the stimulus. Subjective variations in motor process have been observed between individuals based on subject age, sex, educational levels, socioeconomic status, affective state, and attentional and arousal states (Doherty, J.R., Rao, A.,

Federal Sentencing Guidelines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federal Sentencing Guidelines - Essay Example Judges are allowed to sentence aside from the sentencing guidelines with an appropriate reason. In this case, other judges keep a sonorous glance on the sentencing if they are reasonable and appropriate. The basic objective to compile these sentencing guidelines manual is to immobilize crime and to augment the crime justice system giving the reasonable and efficient punishments. The first issue that congress wants to achieve by these sentencing guidelines is honesty. Congress want nation justice to punish criminal in a manner they can not only decrease the crime but also no favoritism may take a part and though, these guidelines help the criminal by lessen their punishment in good if they start doing well for the nation legally. The United States Commission also wants to have a uniform sentencing through out the nation. I.e., Every Federal Court sentence a crime in the same manner as it is treated on the other end of the nation. This may keep the criminal intact that they will be punished with the same sentence wherever they run. Third was the proportionality that is justified punishment that is not to impose a strict rule of act on a small amiss deed or furnish with an act of punis hment that is very least to the crime criminal ended with. There was an interaction with the crim... This person helps the nation catch the criminals red handed while making crimes. The advantage of this to the criminal that the years of chastisement can be reduce and the criminal can promise himself for staying the good man forever and always help the nation to save it from the criminals and terrorists. Castillo's attorney is confident enough for Castillo to receive a favorable consideration from the federal judges while final sentencing. This is only due to his study upon United States Sentencing Commission Guideline Manual, which is actually made for the uniformity of sentencing all over the States and open punishments for nation's knowledge. This strong belief of Castillo's attorney made us study the latest sentencing guideline manual easily available on Internet. The belief of Attorney that Castillo will receive a favorable deliberation from the judges is due to Federal Sentencing Guideline Manual. This manual about drugs visibly imposes the acts 2B1.1with the offence level 6; if the drugs are only steroids but not carrying any more vigorous acting ingredient. The act 2D1.1 may also force upon the criminal if the one is under age i.e., less than 18 (offence level = 26) or (offence level =13) otherwise. Similarly, it is declared that a criminal gets involve in a crime such that a history gets maintained that "Offence Saturatory Maximum" will lead that says that if the criminal get caught for drug supply once with no prior history may punish for ten to twenty years but if his criminal act is upon a history of same acts may implies him with the punishment for thirty years, the maximum rather than twenty years. A departure below the limit can be done if criminal's

Shakespeare’s Othello Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare’s Othello Essay Answer to Q.# 1: The first scene of Act I serves as a part of exposition of a play. It acquaintances us with the major characters and situation and indicates its theme. In Othello Iago’s evil intention and conspiring nature is revealed, as much as his hatred for the Moor who denies him the promotion and chooses for his lieutenant an arithmetician, â€Å"a bookish theoric† (1.1.24) So the Iago’s motive for villainy is revealed to the audience. Then the rest of the story is his single-minded pursuit of Othello’s ruin by poisoning his mind with jealousy as he confesses to Roderigo that he is one of those who â€Å"Keep yet their hearts attending on themselves,/ And, throwing but shows of service on their lords. †(1.1.51-52) His cold-blooded nature and plan of relentless revenge are clear from his speech: â€Å"I follow him to serve my turn upon him;†(1.1.42) He also suffers from a sense of injured merit when he says, â€Å"I know my price, I am worth no worse a place;† (1.1.11) and bemoans the fact that â€Å"Preferment goes by letter and affection,/ Not by old gradation.†(1.1.36-37) His dissembling nature is exposed: â€Å"I am not what I am.†(1.1.65) The theme of Othello’s tragedy due to   Iago’s slow-poisoning of his mind is well illustrated here. Answer to Q.#.3: Being gullible, Othello becomes a puppet in the hands of the villain who he calls â€Å"honest† Iago. Stung by obsessive jealousy, Othello determines to kill his beloved Desdemona on the ground of unfaithfulness. But a   hesitating Othello stands watching sleeping Desdemona. When invited to bed, he kisses her and   tells her to say her prayer so that her soul goes to heaven after death. In every way Othello proves himself a lover – though a confused headstrong one. His self assessment is succinctly expressed which seems quite fair: â€Å" one who lov’d not wisely but too well.†(5. 2.344) In spite of his passionate love for his wife, Othello kills her because of his uncontrollable jealousy. He abstains from spilling her blood and cannot bear killing her in light. As Desdemona pleads innocence he smothers her to death. When Emilia confesses to stealing her handkerchief at the behest of Iago, Othello discovers his blunder is too late to mend; yet he stabs himself   as punishment.

Essay --

Study Information for Test 1 Contents 1. Equation Sheet 2. Test Coverage 3. Test Format 4. Practice Questions Equation Sheet: The following will be provided on a tear-off sheet Equations: Constants: | e | = 1.60 x 10-19 C P = i V From 205: Power = Test Coverage Chapter 26 (Capacitance) 26.1 state and use the definition of capacitance; give the SI unit of capacitance. 26.2 sketch parallel plates charged by a battery and apply the formula for parallel plate capacitance. 26.3 explain why capacitance increases when parallel plates are filled with an insulating material; calculate parallel plate capacitance including the dielectric constant. 26.4 define series and parallel connections of capacitors; use these rules to reduce a capacitor circuit to a single capacitor and battery (if possible); determine the charge and voltage of each capacitor in such a circuit. 26.5 calculate the energy stored in a capacitor. Chapter 27 (Current and resistance) 27.1 define electric current and state the convention for its direction; give the SI unit of current. 27.2 define electric current density for current uniformly distributed over a cross section of wire. 27.3 state and use Ohm's law. 27.4 calculate the power dissipated in a resistor; calculate the resistance of a hot plate of a given wattage and line voltage. Chapter 28 (Circuits) 28.1 describe the functioning of a simple circuit consisting of a resistor and a battery using the analogy to fluid flow. 28.3 define series and parallel connections of resistors; use these rules to reduce a resistor circuit to a single resistor and battery (if possible); determine the current and volt... ...oltage loop rule to determine the charge Q2. †¢ Two sheets (A & B) carrying charge densities of -ÏÆ' and +ÏÆ' are placed at x = 1 cm and x = 7 cm (See the diagram below. Note that the horizontal and vertical scales are different). Two conducting slabs with widths of 1.5 cm and 0.5 cm are inserted between the charged sheets at the locations shown in the diagram. (Ignore fringing effects.) (a) Draw a graph that represents the electric potential as a function of x for x between 0 and 8 cm. (b) Draw a graph that represents the electric field as a function of x for x between 0 and 8 cm. (c) Calculate the potential difference between sheets A and B. Explain how you determined your answer. (d) Suppose the two slabs are connected with a wire. Will the potential difference be greater, smaller or equal to your answer in part (c)? Explain your reasoning.

One-pager

Washington was raised by a single mother and is the youngest of eight children. All of her older siblings and her mother were teen parents. Growing up, she learned what kind of person she wanted to be – pretty much nothing like her siblings. She was determined to break the stereotype of being a young Hispanic woman who came from a family where teenage pregnancy was the norm. Many of her siblings did not graduate high school and none of them had attended college.As a student who loved school, Gabby as In the top five percent of her graduating class. So when she decided to pretend she was pregnant for six months for her final senior research project, most of her slings were disappointed that she had â€Å"ruined her life. † Cabby's mother, her boyfriend Jorge, her sister Sonny, and her best friend Salad knew about her project, along with a couple of school administrators and experts who gave her advice on how to have a believable pregnancy.She writes, â€Å"My mall goal was to make my peers take teen pregnancy seriously – if it could happen to me, it could happen to them – and encourage them to make responsible decisions about their bodies and sexuality. † I agree with that statement because it could happen to anyone if they don't know how to take responsible decisions of themselves. â€Å"Every single one of you has the power to go to college and graduate, and I challenge each of you to take this as an example. You have to fight for what you want in life. You can't live your life under a stereotype. This quote basically explains the picture I drew in the front. I drew a girl that is a pregnant because Gabby Rodriguez faked a pregnant for her Enron project to teach others not to stereotype others Just by a mistake they have done, and just because that person made one mistake doesn't mean that person wont continue to fight for what they want in life and achieve their goals they have set lust cause of a mistake, which everyone do ne plenty of times, so don't judge or stereotype others if you haven't been in their shoes.My personal statement about this book is it was actually a really good book. It taught me not to Judge others in any circumstance and also to be bless of what I have in my life because others have it reader and might not have the things I have so I shouldn't take it for granted. Also it taught me to believe in myself and don't let anything in the way of what I'm trying to succeed In life. One-pager By denial 113 was in the top five percent of her graduating class.So when she decided to pretend siblings were disappointed that she had â€Å"ruined her life. † Gabby mother, her boyfriend Jorge, her sister Sonny, and her best friend Said knew about her project, to have a believable pregnancy. She writes, â€Å"My main goal was to make my peers take Greer with that statement because it could happen to anyone if they don't know how this as an example. You have to fight for what you want in l ife.You can't live your life done, and Just because that person made one mistake doesn't mean that person won't continue to fight for what they want in life and achieve their goals they have set just cause of a mistake, which everyone done plenty of times, so don't Judge or stereotype others if you haven't been in their shoes. My personal statement about harder and might not have the things I have so I shouldn't take it for granted. Also it succeed in life.

Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results

Table of Contents Understand the importance of business processes in delivering outcomes based upon business goals and objectives 2 Be able to develop plans for own area of responsibility to implement operational plans 3 Be able to monitor appropriate systems to improve organisational performance 4 Be able to manage health and safety in the workplace. 1: 1. 1 evaluate the interrelationship between the different processes and functions of the organisation 1. 2 justify the methodology to be used to map processes to the organisation’s goals and objectives 1. 3 evaluate the output of the process and the quality gateways 2: 2. 1 design plans which promote goals and objectives for own area of responsibility 2. 2 write objectives, which are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-based to align people and other resources in an effective and efficient way2. 3 implement appropriate systems to achieve objectives in the most efficient way, on time, to budget and meeting orga nisational standards of quality 2. 4 carry out work activities meeting the operational plan through effective monitoring and control 3: 3. 1 design systems to manage and monitor quality standards specified by the organisation 3. demonstrate a quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring, evaluation and development of the process 3. 3 recommend improvements which align with the organisation’s objectives and goals and which result in improvements 3. 4 report on the wider implications of proposed changes within the organisation 4: 4. 1 carry out risk assessments as required by legislation, regulation and organisational requirements ensuring appropriate action is taken 4. 2 demonstrate that health and safety regulations and legislation applicable in specific work situations are correctly and effectively applied 4. carry out a systematic review of organisational health and safety policies and procedures in order to ensure they are effective and compliant 4. 4 carry out practica l application of health and safety policies and procedures in the workplace. 1. 1 – The Interrelationship Between the Different Processes and Functions of the organisation Your business's functions are the things it does — production, sales, marketing, research and billing, for example. The organizational structure defines the relationship and interactions between the parts of your business, and identifies how the chain of command runs through the different levels.You can set up your business structure around your organizational functions, but even if you don't, function and structure will influence each other. Functional Structure Most businesses adopt a functional organizational structure: Different functions go into separate departments that report to department managers, who then report to someone higher up. If you adopt a functional structure, it has the advantage of clear lines of authority, and allows each employee to concentrate on her particular mission. The d rawback is that you can end up with departments that don't talk to each other or cooperate well.A customer may get bounced from department to department if his problem doesn't relate to one particular function. Divisional Structure A divisional organizational structure spreads functions across different branches: If you have different product lines, the division for each product line has its own marketing, R&D, sales and accounting departments. The advantage of this approach is that each branch has the personnel to carry out all necessary functions. The drawback is that with employees in each division performing identical functions, you could end up with a lot of redundancy and inefficiency.Matrix Structure Using a matrix structure in your business can give you greater flexibility in business functions than a more hierarchical organization. In a matrix structure, each employee works in a function-based department, such as marketing or finance, but they can be assigned to projects un der different managers and teamed with employees who have different functions. This structure adapts organizational function to changing organizational needs. The drawback is that the chain of command in a matrix may become cloudy and conflicted.Organizational Charts If you or your staff have trouble visualizing a proposed structure, you can use an organizational chart to see it clearly. The New York and Erie Railroad developed the first organizational charts in the 19th century as a way to improve management efficiency. A chart shows the lines of authority and control running between different departments and levels of management. A well-designed chart will make it easy to see who makes decisions, who reports to whom and how your organization divides up its operating functions. Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results Table of Contents Understand the importance of business processes in delivering outcomes based upon business goals and objectives 2 Be able to develop plans for own area of responsibility to implement operational plans 3 Be able to monitor appropriate systems to improve organisational performance 4 Be able to manage health and safety in the workplace. 1: 1. 1 evaluate the interrelationship between the different processes and functions of the organisation 1. 2 justify the methodology to be used to map processes to the organisation’s goals and objectives 1. 3 evaluate the output of the process and the quality gateways 2: 2. 1 design plans which promote goals and objectives for own area of responsibility 2. 2 write objectives, which are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-based to align people and other resources in an effective and efficient way2. 3 implement appropriate systems to achieve objectives in the most efficient way, on time, to budget and meeting orga nisational standards of quality 2. 4 carry out work activities meeting the operational plan through effective monitoring and control 3: 3. 1 design systems to manage and monitor quality standards specified by the organisation 3. demonstrate a quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring, evaluation and development of the process 3. 3 recommend improvements which align with the organisation’s objectives and goals and which result in improvements 3. 4 report on the wider implications of proposed changes within the organisation 4: 4. 1 carry out risk assessments as required by legislation, regulation and organisational requirements ensuring appropriate action is taken 4. 2 demonstrate that health and safety regulations and legislation applicable in specific work situations are correctly and effectively applied 4. carry out a systematic review of organisational health and safety policies and procedures in order to ensure they are effective and compliant 4. 4 carry out practica l application of health and safety policies and procedures in the workplace. 1. 1 – The Interrelationship Between the Different Processes and Functions of the organisation Your business's functions are the things it does — production, sales, marketing, research and billing, for example. The organizational structure defines the relationship and interactions between the parts of your business, and identifies how the chain of command runs through the different levels.You can set up your business structure around your organizational functions, but even if you don't, function and structure will influence each other. Functional Structure Most businesses adopt a functional organizational structure: Different functions go into separate departments that report to department managers, who then report to someone higher up. If you adopt a functional structure, it has the advantage of clear lines of authority, and allows each employee to concentrate on her particular mission. The d rawback is that you can end up with departments that don't talk to each other or cooperate well.A customer may get bounced from department to department if his problem doesn't relate to one particular function. Divisional Structure A divisional organizational structure spreads functions across different branches: If you have different product lines, the division for each product line has its own marketing, R&D, sales and accounting departments. The advantage of this approach is that each branch has the personnel to carry out all necessary functions. The drawback is that with employees in each division performing identical functions, you could end up with a lot of redundancy and inefficiency.Matrix Structure Using a matrix structure in your business can give you greater flexibility in business functions than a more hierarchical organization. In a matrix structure, each employee works in a function-based department, such as marketing or finance, but they can be assigned to projects un der different managers and teamed with employees who have different functions. This structure adapts organizational function to changing organizational needs. The drawback is that the chain of command in a matrix may become cloudy and conflicted.Organizational Charts If you or your staff have trouble visualizing a proposed structure, you can use an organizational chart to see it clearly. The New York and Erie Railroad developed the first organizational charts in the 19th century as a way to improve management efficiency. A chart shows the lines of authority and control running between different departments and levels of management. A well-designed chart will make it easy to see who makes decisions, who reports to whom and how your organization divides up its operating functions.

Having a Fit

Having a Fit Having a Fit Having a Fit By Maeve Maddox The little word fit has multiple functions and occurs in numerous expressions. In Middle English, the noun fit denoted an intense experience that could be painful, dangerous, or exciting. By the 16th century, a fit could denote a paroxysm, or the recurrent attack of an ailment. In the 17th century fit took on the meaning of a sudden seizure with loss of consciousness, or accompanied with convulsions. By the 19th century, fit was used in expressions of exaggeration such as â€Å"to throw a fit† in the sense of â€Å"to fly into a rage.† Because fits are of limited duration, the noun fit also took on the sense of a limited, usually brief, period of time: â€Å"We’ve had a fit of wet weather.† Fit also functions as an adjective: a synonym for appropriate or well-suited. For example, a man might be â€Å"fit for a certain job,† or a certain type of food might be â€Å"fit for an invalid.† Fit can also mean inclined or disposed. A tired person might be â€Å"fit to collapse.† An angry person might be â€Å"fit to be tied.† A child trying to keep a secret might be â€Å"fit to burst.† Fit (and fitting) also applies to social behavior. In Gone With the Wind, the character Mammy uses the word in this sense when she reprimands Scarlett for unladylike behavior: â€Å"It ain’t fittin; it just ain’t fittin’.† In the 19th century, fit took on the meaning â€Å"in good health† or â€Å"in good physical condition.† People go to the gym â€Å"to get fit.† As a verb, in addition to meanings related to those mentioned, fit can mean â€Å"to be of the right shape and size.† Here are some common expressions that use the word fit: to have a fit to become upset about something Ex. Don’t have a fit; I’ll make your sandwich in a minute. hissy fit an outburst of temper, a tantrum. Hissy may be a shortening of hysterical. Ex. Aunt Ida is having a hissy fit; somebody broke her garden gnome. survival of the fittest The expression was coined by Herbert Spencer in reference to the Darwinian theory that animals best-adapted to an environment continue to reproduce and evolve. In this context, â€Å"the fit† are those animals suited to succeed. It is frequently used figuratively. Ex. In cable, it’s survival of the fittest as channels drop from the bundle. in fits and starts spasmodically; at irregular intervals. Ex. He’s been cleaning the garage in fits and starts. fit to be tied extremely angry Ex. When Father saw someone had left the gate open, he was fit to be tied. fighting fit at the peak of one’s physical form Ex. Papiss Cisse says he’s fighting fit to help lead the charge against Queens Park Rangers. fit as a fiddle in good health; in good physical condition Ex. After making a full recovery from his plane crash, Harrison Ford, 72, was once again seen looking fit as a fiddle as he visited his office in Brentwood.   Note: Before the 19th century, the expressions â€Å"fit as a fiddle† and â€Å"fine as a fiddle† meant â€Å"appropriate for the occasion.† to fit in (1) to belong, to assimilate well Ex. The pledge master warned the freshmen that if they didn’t like partying, they would not fit in. to fit in (2) to find time for Ex. I’ll check my calendar and try to fit you in on Friday. if the shoe fits This is a shortening of â€Å"If the shoe fits, you must wear it.† The expression usually occurs as an unsympathetic response. Ex. GEORGE: Just because I forgot her birthday, she says I don’t really care about her. ALICE: If the shoe fits The unexpressed thought is â€Å"If what she says is true, admit it.† to fit like a glove to fit perfectly Ex. That new job fits her like a glove. to fit the bill to correspond to certain requirements Ex. With your background in teaching, nursing, and music, you fit the bill for the job of camp musical director. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?Best Websites to Learn English20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

The List of All US Colleges with a Public Relations Major

Are you someone who can’t help but tell all your friends about your new favorite things? Maybe it’s a book you just read or a TV show you just finished, but as soon as you can, you’re looking for ways to tell more people so they can enjoy them too. Or maybe you love strategy and developing your campaign to run for student council was the highlight of your high school experience. Or maybe when something goes wrong at the nth hour, you’re the one everyone turns to for a solution—and you thrive on that adrenaline. If you can see yourself in any of those scenarios, Public Relations might be the major for you. Public Relations is a unique major that’s closely related to marketing, though they are different. In this major, you will develop strong writing and communication skills, learn data analysis, and set yourself up for success in a variety of fields. The most straightforward career path after studying Public Relations is, of course, to work in PR, either at a firm working on a variety of campaigns for different types of brands and products, or in-house for a specific brand working on all their products. Other careers that this major would prepare you well for include publicity, crisis management, and social media specialist, though strong writing and communication skills are highly sought after in many fields. It should come as no surprise that academic performance like your grades and test scores are important when applying as a Public Relations major. You will want an impressive GPA as well as a rigorous course load showing that you are taking advantage of your school’s available honors and AP classes, especially in classes that require strong writing skills like English and history courses. Because Public Relations is a more specialized major, one way to stand out is to curate your extracurriculars to demonstrate your interest early on. Look for school-level activities that relate to the skills you want to develop further with a Public Relations degree, like the newspaper, debate team, student council, and event planning committees. You can also look into interning with or shadowing a PR professional in your area. There’s a lot to consider when thinking of developing your college profile, which is why the Early Advising Program can help you decide on a strategy for your Public Relations application as early as 9 th or 10 th grade. You’ll be paired with a specialist who will help you decide on courses, pursue extracurriculars, and answer your early-stage college application questions. Because Public Relations is a more specialized major, fewer schools offer degree programs. This might be the biggest way you narrow down your school list, but even when looking just at schools with Public Relations majors, there is still a variety of other factors to consider, like size, location, or the feel of the campus. That’s why one of the best ways you can improve your chances of being accepted as a Public Relations major is creating a list of schools that are a good fit for you academically and personally. With the College Strategy Program , can help you build a strong school list as early as 11 th grade. You’ll work one on one with a specialist to tailor your school list based on your preferences and, with our exclusive chancing engine, understand how your profile compares to similar applicants. Because Public Relations is a field that requires strong communications skills, you will want to take extra care while writing your college application essays. Choose topics true to who you are and allow your voice to shine through while remaining within the prompt. This is your last opportunity to demonstrate your passion and predisposition for Public Relations, so your writing samples are especially important. With the Applications Program , you’ll be paired with an admissions specialist who will help you develop an essay strategy for applying to your top schools. They will provide one-on-one guidance throughout the admissions process and help you submit your best applications. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. 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The Top 3 management principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Top 3 management principle - Essay Example The top three management principles that can make superior healthcare managers are strategic and operational planning and decision-making, performance management, and change management because they make managers aware of and responsive to both internal and external management and leadership needs. The first important management principle is strategic and operational planning and decision-making because they merge the functions of managers as â€Å"managers† and â€Å"leaders.† Management is differentiated from leadership because managers are concerned of planning and managing daily operations, while leaders are concerned of leading critical organizational and/or environmental changes. A superior healthcare manager must be both: a leader who can produce strategic plans that deal with changes in and outside the organization and a manager who can turn these plans to workable operation plans and who can monitor, evaluate, and direct their daily applications (Liebler and McConnell 92). An example is creating the strategic plan of automating the information system of the hospital that uses traditional paper formats, while an operational plan is having a comprehensive financial operational management plan that will deal with upcoming budget cuts. These plans, in additi on, are different in their scope, timeframe, and repetitiveness levels. Strategic plans are broad, made for long-term goals, and single-standing, while operational plans are specific, short-term objectives that are repeated, unless strategic changes are made. These plans, moreover, require making strategic and operational decisions (Liebler and McConnell 116-117). A strategic decision is choosing what road to take, while an operational decision is choosing how best to take the journey on that specific road. In the absence of middle and lower level managers who cannot make operational decisions or when upper management is called to help decide

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Annotated bibliography - Essay Example The former one is completely opposed to this notion and instead claims that all that a person does is a result of choice. The question therefore is normally asked as to whom between the two is right. Whereas history does indeed play a role in one’s behavior, does it mean that the person committing a crime or violence is not responsible? This essay’s purpose is to assert that humans have freewill and that for every action taken, no one is really compelled. Decision and influence are two distinct things, which ought to be treated as such to avoid the confusion of determinism. Whereas, it could be true that one’s decision or its magnitude may be somehow influenced by the past, the actions taken by a person is not devoid of their consciousness and approval. That is to say, history may have a role in a decision but the person taking it is very much aware of it and by no means are they doing it without knowledge. According to (Cohen p.15), whenever one is taking a particular action there is full understanding and knowledge of its likely outcome and this therefore negates any claim of determinism. If every decision is taken based on the history then creativity and invention have nothing to be attributed to since they did not exist before. The proponents of determinism claim that a decision is greatly, if not fully, influenced by one’s history. For instance, if a man witnessed violence while growing up, there would no way to stop them from engaging in the same. However, Howard, George, and Diane (p.67), who reported that other factors that could alter a person when they are growing up, have disputed the above assertions. It therefore means that even if one witnessed violence, it does not automatically mean they will follow suit. The creativity demonstrated by individuals is not in any way influenced by experiences one had while growing up. Instead, the mind tends to focus on making new things. Similarly, one who involves in

Comparison six research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparison six research methods - Essay Example Longitudinal studies as well as observational studies are generally used in those places where a lot of time is taken to finally extract useful information. Questionnaire surveys are used for getting quick responses and used for pilot studies as well as feedback processes. Focus groups and Delphi techniques generally use experts as their respondents. All of the above methods have their own benefits and disadvantages. Few limitations of these market research methods have also been discussed which can be further studied and reinvented to form better and more efficient research methods. Introduction Business research is described as an organized and systematic effort which aims to investigate a specific issue or problem which has been encountered during the work setting and requires solving (Seale, 2004). The first stage in a research process is the identification of the critical problem. Once the problem has been clearly defined, the next steps include gathering information, analyzing data and solving the problem by taking necessary steps and corrective measures. Research methods Research methods are of various categories depending on the requirements of the research. These methods use different approaches, tools and techniques for conducting a research. However, they can be divided into two broad categories. Quantitative methods are generally used during development research while participatory or qualitative research is used to get desirable outcomes. Even though these research methods are continuously used in various research questions and studies, yet they are continuously being developed as well as integrated in order to gain better results (Coffey & Aktinson, 1996). A thin line of difference exists between research methods and research methodology. While research methods talks about specific activities which are created to generate data, research methodology is about the understanding as well as attitude of the researcher towards the strategy and research w hich is chosen in order to answer the research questions. Implication and Discussion Longitudinal study is a type of correlation research involving repeated observations. This type of study can extend for many years and even decades. Here the same participants are studied for a particular period (Diggle, Heagerty, Liang & Zeger, 2002). It is generally used while studying clinical events such as, HIV patients and their diseases and immunity status, across various countries and over time (Frison & Pocock, 1992). It is used in individual studies where participants are studied and tracked (Hogan & Laird, 1997). It is also used in household panel studies where people are tracked and observed within their vicinity for collecting data. Longitudinal studies are high in terms of validity. Individuals usually fail to remember previous events and even if they are insisted, they might not remember the correct data. Longitudinal studies are particularly helpful in finding out long term variation s or changes. The estimates collected in this study are more efficient compared to cross-sectional studies (Donner & Klar, 1994). However, there are certain limitations associated with longitudinal studies. Gathering results during longitudinal study is very difficult as it is time taking and tedious. More often than not, participants drop out before completion of the survey. This process is known as subject attrition and is very

Problem Solving and Decision Making Strategies

Problem Solving and Decision Making Strategies Background Problem solving and decision-making are important skills for business and life. Problem solving often involves decision-making, and decision-making is especially important for management and leadership. There are processes and techniques to improve decision-making and the quality of decisions. Decision-making is more natural to certain personalities, so these people should focus more on improving the quality of their decisions. People that are less natural decision-makers are often able to make quality assessments, but then need to be more decisive in acting upon the assessments made. Problem solving and decision-making are closely linked, and each requires creativity in identifying and developing options, for which the brainstorming technique, as this thesis is particularly useful. Collection of data and findings of RH cars There are two types of data collection methods; they are primary data collection and secondary data collection. Primary Data Collection: Primary data collection can be deemed as bespoke and therefore time consuming and costly. Secondary Collection Data: Secondary data include general reports supplied to an enterprise by various data services. Such reports might concern market share, retail inventory levels and consumer buying behaviour. The data collection for any car manufacturer can be used questionnaires to collect data in conjunction with published sources such as annual reports, price lists, and actual sales records. For cost reasons it could not conduct observations of on the-job application, interviews, or focus groups. Instead, rather ascertained the key metrics that would drive business impact (number of units sold and margin per unit realized) from the questionnaire and then validated the metrics with actual figures confirmed by the client. One key survey is the monthly Customer Satisfaction Index, tracked by RH Financial, which directly measures end customer satisfaction regarding the financial services obtained in the dealership. These provide the management team with data. The actions that need to be taken to drive these metrics the right way are sometimes more elusive in an industry that has very little customer contact once an account is set up. Survey methodology and frame used A systematic method for gathering information from (a sample of) individuals for the purposes of describing the attributes of the larger population of which the individuals are members. The attributes attempt to describe basic characteristics or experiences of large and small populations in our world. RH survey features Information is gathered by asking customer questions. Information is collected either by having interviewers ask questions and record answers or by having people read or hear questions and record their answers. Information is collected from only a subset of the population to be described (a sample)rather than from all members. Surveys are used extensively in car manufacturer industry to assess attitudes and characteristics of a wide range of cars and also new models. When information is obtained, or data is measured, the method, or process used to gather information, greatly affects the results. The extreme complaints might not represent the attitudes of the whole group. Similarly, measuring or counting data depends on the instrument or method used. The basing judgments on customer complaints alone ignored the general population of other opinions, which should be judged together, such as in a statistical sample of the whole statistics. A questionnaire for a particular purpose Please select which best represents your views. 1. Overall satisfaction All things considered, please rate your overall satisfaction withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1a RH Credit Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 1b Your selling dealership Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 1c Your vehicle Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 2. About your finance/lease contract Please rate your satisfaction with 2a Finance/Lease transaction overall Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 2b Ease of obtaining financing Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 2c Speed of approval for financing Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 2d Explanation of financing terms and conditions at the dealership Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 2e Ease of understanding the content of your finance contract Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 2f Timeliness of receiving your Welcome Pack/your contract Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 2g Accuracy of documents we sent Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 3. Contact with RH Credit 3a Have you contacted RHCredit with a question or problem related to your contract Yes No 3b Your contact experience with RHCredit Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Thinking about the representative you dealt with, how satisfied are you with theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3c Ease of making contact with the right person/employee to answer your question or resolve your problem Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 3d Courtesy of the representative Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 3e Responsiveness of the representative Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 3f Representatives ability to answer your question completely and accurately3h Representatives follow-through on promised actions Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Thinking about your most recent contactà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3g How many times did you contact RHCredit before your question or problem was resolved Completely Satisfied Very Satisfied Fairly Satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 4. Future intentions Based on your experience, would youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 4a Recommend RHCredit to a friend or family member Definitely Would Probably Would Might or might not Probably would not Definitely would not 4b Recommend your selling dealership Definitely Would Probably Would Might or might not Probably would not Definitely would not 4c Recommend your make/model of vehicle Definitely Would Probably Would Might or might not Probably would not Definitely would not Summarizing data using representative values, and use the results to draw valid and useful conclusions for RH Cars. The root-cause analysis helped RH to identify key factors that tend to lengthen decision cycles. They included inadequate training in the clear communications of alternatives, absence of a good model of teamwork, and a control-oriented management philosophy. Decision-making increasingly happens at all levels of a business. The Board of Directors may make the grand strategic decisions about investment and direction of future growth, and managers may make the more tactical decisions about how their own department may contribute most effectively to the overall business objectives. But quite ordinary employees are increasingly expected to make decisions about the conduct of their own tasks, responses to customers and improvements to business practice. This needs careful recruitment and selection, good training, and enlightened management. Types of Business Decisions Programmed Decisions can be written down into a series of fixed steps which anyone can follow. They could even be written as computer program Non-Programmed Decisions. These are non-standard and non-routine. Each decision is not quite the same as any previous decision. Strategic Decisions. These affect whether to take over Company A or Company B Tactical Decisions. These are medium-term decisions about what kind of marketing to have, or how many extra staff to recruit Operational Decisions. These are short-term decisions, about which firm to use to make deliveries. Analyse data using measures of dispersion, and use to inform RH cars. A proper description of a set of data should include both of these characteristics. There are various methods that can be used to measure the dispersion of a dataset, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. These statistics describe how the data varies or is dispersed (spread out). The two most commonly used measures of dispersion are the range and the standard deviation. Rather than showing how data are similar, they show how data differs (its variation, spread, or dispersion). The study of dispersion is very important in statistical data. If in a certain car Manufacturer Company like RH there is consistence in the wages of workers, the workers will be satisfied. But if some workers have high wages and some have low wages, there will be unrest among the low paid workers and they might go on strikes and arrange demonstrations. It is reasonable to expect greater dispersion of wage increases to be associated with higher monetary incentives, but also with increased percep tions of unfairness. The authors analysis of linked employer-employee data from Denmark for the years 1992-97 shows that the dispersion of wage growth within firms generally had a negative association with firm performance. The results are robust across industries and categories of firm size, but are mainly driven by white-collar rather than blue-collar workers. Quartiles, percentiles, correlation coefficient Quartiles: One of the three numbers (values) that divide a range of data into four equal parts. The first quartile (also called lower quartile) is the number below which lies the 25 percent of the bottom data. The second quartile (the median) divides the range in the middle and has 50 percent of the data below it. The third quartile (also called upper quartile) has 75 percent of the data below it and the top 25 percent of the data above it. See also interquartile range and percentile. Percentile: A score equal to or greater than 97 percent of those attained on an examination is said to be in the 97th percentile. Percentiles are values that divide a set of observations into 100 equal parts. The percentile rank is the proportion of values in a distribution that a specific value is greater than or equal to. For example, if an individual received a mark of 95% on a math test and that mark was greater than or equal to the marks of 88% of students then that mark would place that individual in the 88th percentile. Correlation coefficient: A measure that determines the degree to which two variables movements are associated. Statistical measure of the degree to which the movements of two variables are related. n statistics, a measurement of the degree to which two things vary together. The maximum value for a correlation coefficient is 1.00, which occurs when two variables have a perfect positive correlation. A negative correlation coefficient indicates two variables that have an indirect relationship. 3.1 A range of graphs using spreadsheets line, pie, bar charts The following figure shows the auto sales in July 2009: Car cost can be divided into following major factors: Below is a graph of about lease is probably the way to go at cars. Get in for a couple or three years while the car is new (i.e. is at the most reliable part of its lifespan), then get out. Problems of cars on the road is given below: 3.2 Spreadsheet graphs to assist in forecasting for specified business information Half of the respondents in a European survey listed fuel consumption as a priority when buying a new car. The survey was performed in March and April 2007 and included respondents from twelve European countries. Safety, price and reliability were named by more than half of the respondents as a priority. Priorities when buying a new car Q: Which are your priorities when buying a new car?    Share of European Respondents Safety 73.1% Price 63.7% Reliability 57.8% Fuel Consumption 49.7% Comfort 36.9% Design 18.3% Size 17.9% Exhaust Gas 15.6% Color 3.4% . Surveys are constructed also to find out the target audience needs of the car such as luggage space, passenger seats, also size of the car. These are some interesting things that I picked up during the people study done through interviews and surveys: The highest priority of people is Cost and Efficiency. This is shown in the graph I generated according to the results of the surveys. 30.44% of the answers I received out of the 40 people who filled the surveys are related to cost and efficiency. 13.77% of the answers are actually stating the customers are happy with their cars efficiency. However on the other hand, 16.67% of the answers state the opposite. The main complaints of people who have cost issues with their cars are: The petrol is costing too much. The car requires servicing quite often and the cost of the service is expensive. The car parts are expensive when you need to replace them. On top of all those costs, they still need to pay for car insurance and registration. The second highest priority is the Exterior of the car. The answers shown in the survey reach to a conclusion that: More people are moving to small and more compact vehicles and they actually like the fact that their cars are compact. A few people actually want small cars because of the fact that they are easier to drive and park. This is a very interesting point because not only small cars are easier to drive and park but they also reduce congestion on the road. Less congestion means less traffic and also more parking space. Some people are happy with how their car looks but they do not really like the fact that the car gets dirty. This shows that quite a lot of people do not enjoy washing their cars and this could mean two things. First, the people actually do not see the interaction with their cars as an enjoyable activity and they see their cars just as a utility to take them from A to B. Second, It could also mean that they enjoy the interaction but they do not have the time to do the car washing due to their other priorities. Whichever reason, the interaction of people and cars should be more enjoyable to make more people want to buy a certain car. Preparing a formal business report RH has instituted a number of business practices with suppliers designed to increase collaboration, provide for data transparency and expand the volume of business with select suppliers, while building a more sustainable business model. They have also been able to reduce the total number of production suppliers eligible for major sourcing from RH from 3,300 to approximately 1,600 suppliers today, with a further reduction to 750 suppliers planned. We have paid specific attention to strengthening their minority and women suppliers which currently account for about $4 billion of their annual $35 billion of purchases from U.S. supplier locations. Our consolidation efforts have resulted, and will result, in more business for our major suppliers, which will increase their financial strength. Moreover, as RH moves aggressively to global vehicle platforms, sourcing to common suppliers for the total global volume of a vehicles components is dramatically increasing, meaning that a smaller number of suppliers will receive a greater volume of the purchases made by RH to support our global vehicle platform. RHs dealers are a source of strength, especially our rural/small town dealers, who represent the face of RH in communities across the U.S. and provide employment, tax support, community leadership and customer service. At their current and expected future market share, they clearly have too many dealers and therefore have made it increasingly difficult to sustain a healthy and profitable dealer network. To address this overcapacity, RH is partnering with our dealers and are downsizing and restructuring the RH, Lincoln and Mercury network in our largest 130 metropolitan market areas to provide targeted average-year sales for RH dealers at 1,500+ units and Lincoln Mercury deal ers at 600+ units, resulting in sustainable profits in both good and bad years. We are doing this while maintaining customer convenience factors such as driving distance, location, and appealing facilities. We have joined with our dealers to fund these consolidation actions jointly to protect our representation in the marketplace. To further reduce costs, RH recently made several significant changes to our Compensation and Benefit plans, including: (i) eliminating merit increases and bonuses due to be paid in 2009; (ii) suspending the Companys 401(k) matching contribution, and Company-paid tuition assistance and dependent scholarships; (iii) capping retiree life insurance at $25,000; and (iv) improving the costeffectiveness of benefit programs through more efficient plan offerings and increased employee cost sharing. With respect to the hourly work force in the United States, RH and the UAW agreed to a transformational labor agreement in 2007, the benefits of which are only beginning to be realized. Under this agreement, our hourly labor cost disadvantage compared to the transplants will be substantially reduced, although not completely eliminated. These labor costs savings should begin to materialize as they have the opportunity to bring workers into the workforce at the new wage levels Product excellence through leadership in fuel economy, innovation, quality, safety, and leading edge comfort and convenience technology; Substantial and continuous improvement in engineering and investment efficiency facilitated by leveraging the global assets of One RH and a reduction in the number of vehicle platforms, engines, transmissions, and customer offered complexity; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Significant improvement in the profitability of small cars. Balanced Portfolio. They are leveraging our global product strengths to deliver six new world-class small and medium sized vehicles to the United States over the next four years. This will enable our car and crossover product segment mix to increase from 48% to 60% and result in volume and share growth. They are targeting sales leadership in people movers and crossovers through addition of new vehicles (such as the RH Flex) and redefining existing vehicles (such as the RH Explorer). Management information systems and information processing tools for operational, tactical and strategic levels of the organization The Concept of management information systems originated in the 1960s and become the byword of almost all attempts to relate computer technology and systems to data processing in business. During the early 1960s, it became evident that the computer was being applied to the solution of business problem in a piecemeal fashion, focusing almost entirely on the computerization of clerical and record keeping tasks. The concepts of management information systems were developed to counteract such in efficient development and in effective use of the computer. An organization must control the operations in the light of the plans and targets developed in the planning process. The car manufacturer must know if manufacturing operations are in line with the targets and if not, he must make decisions to correct the deviation or revise his plans. Similarly the wholesaler will want to know the impacts that his commissions have had on sales and make decisions to correct adverse trends. The municipal corporation will need to control the tendering process and contractors who will execute the pumping station plans. Generally, MIS is concerned with planning and control. Often there are elaborate systems for information that assists operations. For example, the car manufacturer will have a system for providing information to the workers on the shop floor about the job that needs to be done on a particular batch of material. There may be route sheets, which accompany the rate materials and components in their movement through various machines. This system per se provides only information to support operation. It has no managerial decision-making significance. Generally MIS has all the ingredients that are employed in providing information support to manager to making planning and control decisions. Managers often use historical data on an organizations activities as well as current status data make planning and control decisions. Such data comes from a database, which is contained in files maintained by the organization. This database is an essential component of an MIS. Manual procedures that are used to collect and process information and computer hardware are obvious ingredients of an MIS. These also form part of the MIS. In summary, when we say that an MIS is an integrated man machine systems that provided information to supports the planning and control function of managers in an origination. It does the following function. Sub serves managerial function Collects stores, evaluates information systematically and routinely Supports planning and control decisions Includes files, hardware, software, software and operations research models. Effective management information systems are needed by all business organization because of the increased complexity and rate of change of todays business environment. For Example, Marketing manager need information about sales performance and trends, financial manger returns, production managers needs information analysing resources requirement and worker productivity and personnel manager require information concerning employee compensation and professional development. Thus, effective management information systems must be developed to provide modern managers with the specific marketing, financial, production and personnel information products they required to support their decision making responsibilities. Iinventory control systems in Organisation An inventory control system is a set of hardware and software based tools that automate the process of tracking inventory. The kinds of inventory tracked with an inventory control system can include almost any type of quantifiable good, including food, clothing, books, equipment, and any other item that consumers, retailers, or wholesalers may purchase. Modern inventory control systems are almost exclusively based on barcode technology. Though barcodes were initially developed to automate the process of grocery store checkout, their ability to encode a wide variety of alphabetic and numeric symbols makes them ideal for encoding merchandise for inventory applications. Inventory control systems work in real-time using wireless technology to transmit information to a central computer system as transactions occur. Inventory control systems are employed in a wide variety of applications, but they all revolve around tracking delivery of goods to customers. Inventory control is crucial in retail stores, especially those with a large number or variety of merchandise items for sale. Inventory control is also used in warehouses to track orders and shipments, and for automated order processing. Other important applications of inventory control systems are in manufacturing, shipping, and receiving. Inventory control is important to ensure quality control in businesses that handle transactions revolving around consumer goods. Without proper inventory control, a large retail store may run out of stock on an important item. A good inventory control system will alert the retailer when it is time to reorder. Inventory control is also an important means of automatically tracking large shipments. For example, if a business orders ten pairs of socks for retail resale, but only receives nine pairs, this will be obvious upon inspecting the contents of the package, and error is not likely. On the other hand, say a wholesaler orders 100,000 pairs of socks and 10,000 are missing. Manually counting each pair of socks is likely to result in error. An automated inventory control system helps to minimize the risk of error. In retail stores, an inventory control system also helps track theft of retail merchandise, providing valuable information about store profits and the need for theft-preventi on systems. Automated inventory control systems work by scanning a barcode either on the item. A scanner is used to read the barcode, and the machine reads the information encoded by the barcode. This information is then tracked by a central computer system. For example, a purchase order may contain a list of items to be pulled for packing and shipping. The inventory control system can serve a variety of functions in this case. It can help a worker locate the items on the order list in the warehouse, it can encode shipping information like tracking numbers and delivery addresses, and it can remove these purchased items from the inventory tally to keep an accurate count of in-stock items. All of this data works in tandem to provide businesses with real-time inventory tracking information. Inventory control systems make it simple to locate and analyze inventory information in real-time with a simple database search. Future planning for RH basis of the secondary data collected through presenting collected With the global economic crisis petering out, markets seem to be recovering faster than previously assumed, said Norbert Reithofer, BMWs chief executive. Across the car industry, luxury producers are reporting strong growth in new markets and a revival in company car sales in the US and Europe, where the segment did not benefit from last years scrapping incentives that skewed demand towards smaller cars. JD Power, the auto consultancy, estimates that global sales of premium and superpremium cars, which fell by 12 per cent in 2009 compared with the markets overall 2.5 per cent drop will rebound by 10 per cent this year, more than double the 4 per cent growth it projects for the overall market. BMWs sales rose 13.8 per cent to 315,614 cars in the quarter, mostly driven by more than doubled sales in China. Demand in China has influenced our performance . . . significantly, said Friedrich Eichiner, chief financial officer. BMW, which now sells one in five of its cars in Asia, became on e of several carmakers to announce further expansion in China this year when it unveiled plans to spend à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬560m on a second plant in Shenyang. BMWs arch-rival Daimler doubled its Chinese sales in the first quarter, which helped it to swing from a loss of  £1.4bn a year ago to an operating profit of  £1.2bn.China is now Daimlers third-largest market and one of its fastest growing.Mr Reithofer said the Munich-based carmaker had received an outstanding order income for its new 5 Series model.BMW said a refreshed model line-up also helped it cut back on incentives for car buyers.Arndt Ellinghorst, analyst at Credit Suisse, said: BMW is in the fortunate position that its product momentum coincides with the market recovery.BMW, which also produces Minis and Rolls-Royces, reiterated its target of an operating margin of 8-10 per cent in its automotive business by 2012 a goal described by analysts as ambitious.Lane sharing, Page 22 Car industry executives, when they gather at the Geneva auto show next week, can congratulate themselves on having weathered their sharpest crisis in decades without suffering the collapse they warned would jeopardise millions of jobs.The perennial sick man of manufacturing has survived the worst of the downturn, which began in 2008, thanks to tens of billions of dollars shovelled into the sector in the form of financial bail-outs, cash for clunkers consumer subsidies, and soft government loans.In one sign that the market is turning, US car sales after hitting a 27-year-low of 10.4m last year are now growing again.But the mood in Geneva will hardly be ebullient amid forecasts of a hollow recovery for a sector that has not cured itself of its chronic problems. Even as the US market revives, demand for cars in Europe is due to drop this year as cash for clunkers scrappage programmes come to an end.Dieter Zetsche, Daimlers boss, who heads the European industry group Acea, this week sp oke of a stoney road ahead for the industry in 2010. Analysts predict car sales in mature markets Europe, North America, and Japan will not return to their pre-crisis levels before 2013. If you look globally, the industry is very much out of intensive care but it still requires a lot of monitoring going forwards, says Calum MacRae, lead auto analyst with PwC.Worse, warn experts, European governments interventions in particular kept carmakers afloat without forcing them to address the overcapacity that always was and remains a leading source of their ills.On the contrary: France, Italy, Germany and the UK all overtly linked their aid to carmakers to the future of their plants.US carmakers, in deeper financial distress than their European or Asian competitors before the crisis started, cut capacity by 3.5m units in 2007-09, according to PwC. The US government forced GM and Chrysler to close plants as the price for their more than $60bn of bailout loans.In Europe, where most carmaker s cut shifts or put workers on shorter hours rather than shutting plants, just 1.2m units of capacity were cut, says PwC.Only two plant closures have been announced since the crisis began: of Fiats plant in Termini Imerese, Sicily, and Opels in Antwerp, Belgium. Jaguar Land Rover also said it would close one of its three UK plants this decade. The industrys structural problems mean carmakers will face intense competitive pressure even as scrappage subsidies are withdrawn. It looks like were past the worst but a slow recovery is almost a given, says Robert Schulz, analyst with Standard Poors.Frances PSA Peugeot Citroà «n, reporting earnings this month, said it expected Europes car market to contract by 10 per cent this year; its rival Renault said it would shrink by 9 per cent. Fiats shares have slumped this month after Italys government declined to extend the scrapping subsidies that fuelled demand for its cars last year.The ending of Germanys scrappage scheme alone is due to slas h tota