The Agony of Reconstruction free essay sample

Fifty percent take oath of loyalty 2. Only those who swore having never supported the Confederacy could elect delegates to constitutional conventions 3. Did not require black suffrage but gave federal government power to enforce emancipation 4. Lincoln pocket vetoes the bill and dies before compromise plan is worked out Ill. Andrew Johnson presidency A. Background B. Reconstruction policy 1. Placed southern states under appointed provisional governors 2. Appointed governors to call constitutional conventions (and participants had to swear loyalty oath) 3. Confederate Military officers and political leaders had to seek residential pardons to regain political and property rights 4. Unlike Lincoln, Johnson added people whose taxable property greater than $20,000 to the list of those needing presidential pardons C. Johnnys recommendations to the conventions 1. Declare secession illegal 2. Refuse to pay Confederate debts 3. Ratify 13th Amendment (Jan 1 865) that abolished slavery D. Conventions results 1 . Reluctantly approved Johnnys recommendations, some with qualifications 2. Limited suffrage to whites 3. Black Codes-?laws designed to keep blacks a semi-free, cheap abort and place limits on socioeconomic opportunities for blacks 4. We will write a custom essay sample on The Agony of Reconstruction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ex-Confederate leaders were elected to office because of Johnnys generous pardon and amnesty policy. IV. Split between Johnson and Congress A. Issues 1. House and Senate refuse to seat southern delegation Congress wants further conditions for readmission 3. Johnson wants quick Reconstruction and return to normalcy a. Vetoes the extension of the Freedmans Bureau B. Results b. Vetoes the Civil Rights Act 1 . Shocked moderate Republicans ally themselves with Radicals 2.Congress overrides veto of the Civil Rights Act C. National Union Party-?Johnnys parry uniting reviving Democratic Party With Republicans who support him D. 14th Amendment (June 1866) 1 . Gave citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U. S. 2. Passed by Congress and required southern states to ratify 3. Johnson opposed it because it denied states the right to manage their own affairs 4. Weakened by the Slaughterhouse cases of 1 873 a. Federal government obliged to protect only basic rights of NATIONAL citizens IP state b.Federal government did not have to protect such rights against violations E. Causes of Radical Reconstruction plan 1 . Black codes enrage Congress 2. Race riots in New Orleans and Memphis 3. Election of former Confederates to Congress 4. Resistance of southern legislatures to the 14th Amendment 5. Radical Republicans favored black suffrage and federal support of schools 6. Radical Republicans wanted to crush the planter aristocracy and revolutionize southern institutions, habits, and manners 7. Radical Republicans believed that Congress should direct construction V.

Martin Luther King and Severn Suzuki - Calls to Action essays

Martin Luther King and Severn Suzuki - Calls to Action essays I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King and Address to the Plenary Session, Earth Summit by Severn Suzuki, both authors raises their concerns. In the speech I Have a Dream, Martin addresses prominent issues by exposing the racial injustice African Americans faces. I Address to the Plenary Session, Earth Summit Severn Suzuki raised her concern about the destruction of the environment. Both authors utilize their distinctive voice to passes the power in order to create some kind of hope and awareness to the audience. Both Speeches requires action to be taken to fix the concern of the context. Martin Luther King's distinctive voice is a composition of techniques that enables him to alternate the concern of his context. In this speech Martin also demonstrate that hope exists if action is taken in order to eradicate discrimination. Martin Luther Kings speech brings hope to the African American, his reason to engage with the audience is to get a closer relationship with them making it easier for him to communicate and immense the audience into a realm manifested by the distinctive concerns of his time. His quote we cannot walk alone and Let Freedom ring, the combination of the 2 quotes brings hope into the audience. We cannot walk alone the meaning of this quote is, the power of one person is unable to change anything, but together theyre able to stop racial segregation and make changes to their life. Let Freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi this quote is very demanding, he wants freedom to fall on Mississippi City. Martin Luther King uses anaphor a and repetition to emphasize his point. I have a dream, each and every individual in this world have their own dream, every single African American have their hope and dream. African American s dream was to become free with equal rights, their d...

Free sample - Pope Benedict XVI- Jesus of Nazareth. translation missing

Pope Benedict XVI- Jesus of Nazareth. Pope Benedict XVI- Jesus of NazarethI found the book by Pope Benedict XVI an excellent historical depiction of Jesus not portrayed by modern culture, but one of the true historical perspectives according to the Early Church and resources of the Catholic Church. There is no the most commonly used plot as Jesus ’life. This is the first book about Jesus Christ ever written by a Roman Catholic Pontiff. But this book is unique, because the author is Pope himself and Pope assumes the position of an ordinary believer. The book of Pope Benedict XVI † Jesus of Nazareth† is not a learned scholar of religion, not history or research methodology, but personal experience in understanding of Jesus. The author is level with his interlocutor- all the people, he addressed to. Both humility and courage you can find out in this golden deed. The author highlighted the main problem Christianity faces nowadays. The dramatic reality of our times is the fact that, for the first time in tw o thousand years, the majority of the people could lose their perception of the only thing that always inspired them the Personality of Christ. In my opinion there is an urgent need for books like that by Benedict XVI to make sure that it will not happen. His aim is to save the personality of Jesus from ‘popular’ depictions and to restore Jesus’ gospel identity. Pope shows the readers a rich, flesh-and-blood incarnation of Christ. One of the characteristics of Jesus’ portrait is Love, which fills all the pages and leads the author. As for the author himself, he is shown as a usual believer, trying to express his own thoughts and opinions. He writes, that â€Å"Everyone is free, then to contradict me. I would only ask my readers for that initial willingness to sympathize, without which there can be no understanding.† (Foreword, XXIV) We read in ‘Jesus of Nazareth’, that â€Å"the great question that will be with us throughout this entir e book: But what has Jesus really brought, then, if he has not brought world peace, universal prosperity, and a better world? What has he brought? The answer is very simple: God. He has brought God! He has brought the God who once gradually unveiled his countenance first to Abraham, then to Moses and the prophets, and then in the wisdom literature- the God who showed his face only in Israel, even though he was also honored among the pagans in various shadowy guises. It is this God, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, the true God, whom he has brought to the peoples of the earth. He has brought God, and now we know his face, now we can call upon him. Now we know the path that we human beings have to take in this world. Jesus has brought God and with God the truth about where we are going and where we come from: faith, hope, and love.† Pope is well-known by his sharp criticism of capitalization of modern society, spiritual enslavement of developing countries. He doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t hide his position in the book. Considering the faith in the modern world, Joseph Ratzinger tells what it means to be a witness of Christ nowadays. In the terms of indifferent and even hostile world it is becoming a personal risk. The world has greatly changed. Seeking for well-to-do lifestyle, in many cases people forget about soul and faith. This point is best stated by Pope Benedict XVI. â€Å"The aid offered by the West to developing countries has been purely technically and materially based and not only has left God out of the picture, but has driven Men away from God. And this aid claiming to know better is itself what first turned the "third world into what we mean today by that term. It has thrust aside indigenous religions, ethical and social structures and filled the resulting vacuum with a technocratic mind-set. The idea we could turn stones into bread; instead our aid has only given stones in its place.† (‘Jesus of Nazareth’, p.33) I was greatly impressed the fact, that the author depicts Jesus as someone alive, who is known well to everybody. That’s true, because Christianity is ‘meeting’ with God in the person of human, with God, who is everyone’s intimate friend. Love to Christ is above all. That’s why Pope Benedict XVI decided to tell his own words about Christ and his words were heard. Having read the book, I was greatly interested in the personality of Pope Benedict XVI. He is not a dull theologian, but a thinking and decisive person, who has strong views on life. Especially I liked his manner of speaking about habitual things, uncovering their core.

THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR PROCESS ON REACTION TIME Essay

THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR PROCESS ON REACTION TIME - Essay Example Consequently, it has been postulated that the principal anatomic structures affected by these disorders, namely, the cerebellum and basal ganglia are important in the effective running of the timing apparatus for these functions. The involvement of the cerebellum and the basal ganglia in the motor and perceptual timing has been documented by imaging of brain while performing various timing tasks, such as, repetitive and tapping maneuvers. This involves other parameters such as duration discrimination, velocity discrimination, rhythm discrimination, temporal discrimination, and time production and reproduction. Voluntary movements are prepared before they are executed. If there is an instruction stimulus, before the go cue, there would be a delay. With this concept, the reaction time can be defined as the latent period or time interval from the go cue to time of onset of movement. Reactions times are shorter when the delays are longer, suggesting there is some time-consuming preparatory process that is given a head start by this delay. Delay-period activity is typically tuned for the instruction and is therefore predictive of reaction time, and it is suspected that delay period activity is the substrate of motor preparation occurring at that time. A neural activity, if at all it is designed to generate movement must rise above a threshold to trigger the motor activity (Akkal, D., Escola, L., Bioulac, B., Burbaud, P., 2004). If there is an instructed delay, that could allow activity to attain threshold leading to reduction in the subsequent reaction time. If the motor system takes some time to rise to threshold, as is expected, higher firing rates would lead to shorter reaction times. Alternatively, the produced movement is a function of the state of preparatory activity after the trigger. For each probable movement, it is necessary that there would be a firing rate in the subspace that is optimal, optimal in the sense that it would be appropriate and sufficient to generate a sufficiently accurate movement. The time given for motor preparation thus therefore essentially is optimization that brings firing rates from their initial state to the appropriate subspace. This allows for a wait time for execution of the movement, and this wait time may lead to subtle drifts in the activity, but as long as firing rates remain within the optimal subspace, the motor preparation would remain complete. It can be predicted consequently that the delay period firing occupy a smallish subspace that is different and unique for each instructed movement. The reaction time is the time between the onset of a stimulus and the motor response to it. As a result, there would be a perceptual latency that is denoted by the time from stimulus onset to time of stimulus detection as well as in the motor time, which is the time it takes to perform the motor task. The motor process can vary from one to another individual depending on type, intensity, and the background of the stimulus. Subjective variations in motor process have been observed between individuals based on subject age, sex, educational levels, socioeconomic status, affective state, and attentional and arousal states (Doherty, J.R., Rao, A.,

Federal Sentencing Guidelines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federal Sentencing Guidelines - Essay Example Judges are allowed to sentence aside from the sentencing guidelines with an appropriate reason. In this case, other judges keep a sonorous glance on the sentencing if they are reasonable and appropriate. The basic objective to compile these sentencing guidelines manual is to immobilize crime and to augment the crime justice system giving the reasonable and efficient punishments. The first issue that congress wants to achieve by these sentencing guidelines is honesty. Congress want nation justice to punish criminal in a manner they can not only decrease the crime but also no favoritism may take a part and though, these guidelines help the criminal by lessen their punishment in good if they start doing well for the nation legally. The United States Commission also wants to have a uniform sentencing through out the nation. I.e., Every Federal Court sentence a crime in the same manner as it is treated on the other end of the nation. This may keep the criminal intact that they will be punished with the same sentence wherever they run. Third was the proportionality that is justified punishment that is not to impose a strict rule of act on a small amiss deed or furnish with an act of punis hment that is very least to the crime criminal ended with. There was an interaction with the crim... This person helps the nation catch the criminals red handed while making crimes. The advantage of this to the criminal that the years of chastisement can be reduce and the criminal can promise himself for staying the good man forever and always help the nation to save it from the criminals and terrorists. Castillo's attorney is confident enough for Castillo to receive a favorable consideration from the federal judges while final sentencing. This is only due to his study upon United States Sentencing Commission Guideline Manual, which is actually made for the uniformity of sentencing all over the States and open punishments for nation's knowledge. This strong belief of Castillo's attorney made us study the latest sentencing guideline manual easily available on Internet. The belief of Attorney that Castillo will receive a favorable deliberation from the judges is due to Federal Sentencing Guideline Manual. This manual about drugs visibly imposes the acts 2B1.1with the offence level 6; if the drugs are only steroids but not carrying any more vigorous acting ingredient. The act 2D1.1 may also force upon the criminal if the one is under age i.e., less than 18 (offence level = 26) or (offence level =13) otherwise. Similarly, it is declared that a criminal gets involve in a crime such that a history gets maintained that "Offence Saturatory Maximum" will lead that says that if the criminal get caught for drug supply once with no prior history may punish for ten to twenty years but if his criminal act is upon a history of same acts may implies him with the punishment for thirty years, the maximum rather than twenty years. A departure below the limit can be done if criminal's

Shakespeare’s Othello Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare’s Othello Essay Answer to Q.# 1: The first scene of Act I serves as a part of exposition of a play. It acquaintances us with the major characters and situation and indicates its theme. In Othello Iago’s evil intention and conspiring nature is revealed, as much as his hatred for the Moor who denies him the promotion and chooses for his lieutenant an arithmetician, â€Å"a bookish theoric† (1.1.24) So the Iago’s motive for villainy is revealed to the audience. Then the rest of the story is his single-minded pursuit of Othello’s ruin by poisoning his mind with jealousy as he confesses to Roderigo that he is one of those who â€Å"Keep yet their hearts attending on themselves,/ And, throwing but shows of service on their lords. †(1.1.51-52) His cold-blooded nature and plan of relentless revenge are clear from his speech: â€Å"I follow him to serve my turn upon him;†(1.1.42) He also suffers from a sense of injured merit when he says, â€Å"I know my price, I am worth no worse a place;† (1.1.11) and bemoans the fact that â€Å"Preferment goes by letter and affection,/ Not by old gradation.†(1.1.36-37) His dissembling nature is exposed: â€Å"I am not what I am.†(1.1.65) The theme of Othello’s tragedy due to   Iago’s slow-poisoning of his mind is well illustrated here. Answer to Q.#.3: Being gullible, Othello becomes a puppet in the hands of the villain who he calls â€Å"honest† Iago. Stung by obsessive jealousy, Othello determines to kill his beloved Desdemona on the ground of unfaithfulness. But a   hesitating Othello stands watching sleeping Desdemona. When invited to bed, he kisses her and   tells her to say her prayer so that her soul goes to heaven after death. In every way Othello proves himself a lover – though a confused headstrong one. His self assessment is succinctly expressed which seems quite fair: â€Å" one who lov’d not wisely but too well.†(5. 2.344) In spite of his passionate love for his wife, Othello kills her because of his uncontrollable jealousy. He abstains from spilling her blood and cannot bear killing her in light. As Desdemona pleads innocence he smothers her to death. When Emilia confesses to stealing her handkerchief at the behest of Iago, Othello discovers his blunder is too late to mend; yet he stabs himself   as punishment.

Essay --

Study Information for Test 1 Contents 1. Equation Sheet 2. Test Coverage 3. Test Format 4. Practice Questions Equation Sheet: The following will be provided on a tear-off sheet Equations: Constants: | e | = 1.60 x 10-19 C P = i V From 205: Power = Test Coverage Chapter 26 (Capacitance) 26.1 state and use the definition of capacitance; give the SI unit of capacitance. 26.2 sketch parallel plates charged by a battery and apply the formula for parallel plate capacitance. 26.3 explain why capacitance increases when parallel plates are filled with an insulating material; calculate parallel plate capacitance including the dielectric constant. 26.4 define series and parallel connections of capacitors; use these rules to reduce a capacitor circuit to a single capacitor and battery (if possible); determine the charge and voltage of each capacitor in such a circuit. 26.5 calculate the energy stored in a capacitor. Chapter 27 (Current and resistance) 27.1 define electric current and state the convention for its direction; give the SI unit of current. 27.2 define electric current density for current uniformly distributed over a cross section of wire. 27.3 state and use Ohm's law. 27.4 calculate the power dissipated in a resistor; calculate the resistance of a hot plate of a given wattage and line voltage. Chapter 28 (Circuits) 28.1 describe the functioning of a simple circuit consisting of a resistor and a battery using the analogy to fluid flow. 28.3 define series and parallel connections of resistors; use these rules to reduce a resistor circuit to a single resistor and battery (if possible); determine the current and volt... ...oltage loop rule to determine the charge Q2. †¢ Two sheets (A & B) carrying charge densities of -ÏÆ' and +ÏÆ' are placed at x = 1 cm and x = 7 cm (See the diagram below. Note that the horizontal and vertical scales are different). Two conducting slabs with widths of 1.5 cm and 0.5 cm are inserted between the charged sheets at the locations shown in the diagram. (Ignore fringing effects.) (a) Draw a graph that represents the electric potential as a function of x for x between 0 and 8 cm. (b) Draw a graph that represents the electric field as a function of x for x between 0 and 8 cm. (c) Calculate the potential difference between sheets A and B. Explain how you determined your answer. (d) Suppose the two slabs are connected with a wire. Will the potential difference be greater, smaller or equal to your answer in part (c)? Explain your reasoning.

One-pager

Washington was raised by a single mother and is the youngest of eight children. All of her older siblings and her mother were teen parents. Growing up, she learned what kind of person she wanted to be – pretty much nothing like her siblings. She was determined to break the stereotype of being a young Hispanic woman who came from a family where teenage pregnancy was the norm. Many of her siblings did not graduate high school and none of them had attended college.As a student who loved school, Gabby as In the top five percent of her graduating class. So when she decided to pretend she was pregnant for six months for her final senior research project, most of her slings were disappointed that she had â€Å"ruined her life. † Cabby's mother, her boyfriend Jorge, her sister Sonny, and her best friend Salad knew about her project, along with a couple of school administrators and experts who gave her advice on how to have a believable pregnancy.She writes, â€Å"My mall goal was to make my peers take teen pregnancy seriously – if it could happen to me, it could happen to them – and encourage them to make responsible decisions about their bodies and sexuality. † I agree with that statement because it could happen to anyone if they don't know how to take responsible decisions of themselves. â€Å"Every single one of you has the power to go to college and graduate, and I challenge each of you to take this as an example. You have to fight for what you want in life. You can't live your life under a stereotype. This quote basically explains the picture I drew in the front. I drew a girl that is a pregnant because Gabby Rodriguez faked a pregnant for her Enron project to teach others not to stereotype others Just by a mistake they have done, and just because that person made one mistake doesn't mean that person wont continue to fight for what they want in life and achieve their goals they have set lust cause of a mistake, which everyone do ne plenty of times, so don't judge or stereotype others if you haven't been in their shoes.My personal statement about this book is it was actually a really good book. It taught me not to Judge others in any circumstance and also to be bless of what I have in my life because others have it reader and might not have the things I have so I shouldn't take it for granted. Also it taught me to believe in myself and don't let anything in the way of what I'm trying to succeed In life. One-pager By denial 113 was in the top five percent of her graduating class.So when she decided to pretend siblings were disappointed that she had â€Å"ruined her life. † Gabby mother, her boyfriend Jorge, her sister Sonny, and her best friend Said knew about her project, to have a believable pregnancy. She writes, â€Å"My main goal was to make my peers take Greer with that statement because it could happen to anyone if they don't know how this as an example. You have to fight for what you want in l ife.You can't live your life done, and Just because that person made one mistake doesn't mean that person won't continue to fight for what they want in life and achieve their goals they have set just cause of a mistake, which everyone done plenty of times, so don't Judge or stereotype others if you haven't been in their shoes. My personal statement about harder and might not have the things I have so I shouldn't take it for granted. Also it succeed in life.

Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results

Table of Contents Understand the importance of business processes in delivering outcomes based upon business goals and objectives 2 Be able to develop plans for own area of responsibility to implement operational plans 3 Be able to monitor appropriate systems to improve organisational performance 4 Be able to manage health and safety in the workplace. 1: 1. 1 evaluate the interrelationship between the different processes and functions of the organisation 1. 2 justify the methodology to be used to map processes to the organisation’s goals and objectives 1. 3 evaluate the output of the process and the quality gateways 2: 2. 1 design plans which promote goals and objectives for own area of responsibility 2. 2 write objectives, which are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-based to align people and other resources in an effective and efficient way2. 3 implement appropriate systems to achieve objectives in the most efficient way, on time, to budget and meeting orga nisational standards of quality 2. 4 carry out work activities meeting the operational plan through effective monitoring and control 3: 3. 1 design systems to manage and monitor quality standards specified by the organisation 3. demonstrate a quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring, evaluation and development of the process 3. 3 recommend improvements which align with the organisation’s objectives and goals and which result in improvements 3. 4 report on the wider implications of proposed changes within the organisation 4: 4. 1 carry out risk assessments as required by legislation, regulation and organisational requirements ensuring appropriate action is taken 4. 2 demonstrate that health and safety regulations and legislation applicable in specific work situations are correctly and effectively applied 4. carry out a systematic review of organisational health and safety policies and procedures in order to ensure they are effective and compliant 4. 4 carry out practica l application of health and safety policies and procedures in the workplace. 1. 1 – The Interrelationship Between the Different Processes and Functions of the organisation Your business's functions are the things it does — production, sales, marketing, research and billing, for example. The organizational structure defines the relationship and interactions between the parts of your business, and identifies how the chain of command runs through the different levels.You can set up your business structure around your organizational functions, but even if you don't, function and structure will influence each other. Functional Structure Most businesses adopt a functional organizational structure: Different functions go into separate departments that report to department managers, who then report to someone higher up. If you adopt a functional structure, it has the advantage of clear lines of authority, and allows each employee to concentrate on her particular mission. The d rawback is that you can end up with departments that don't talk to each other or cooperate well.A customer may get bounced from department to department if his problem doesn't relate to one particular function. Divisional Structure A divisional organizational structure spreads functions across different branches: If you have different product lines, the division for each product line has its own marketing, R&D, sales and accounting departments. The advantage of this approach is that each branch has the personnel to carry out all necessary functions. The drawback is that with employees in each division performing identical functions, you could end up with a lot of redundancy and inefficiency.Matrix Structure Using a matrix structure in your business can give you greater flexibility in business functions than a more hierarchical organization. In a matrix structure, each employee works in a function-based department, such as marketing or finance, but they can be assigned to projects un der different managers and teamed with employees who have different functions. This structure adapts organizational function to changing organizational needs. The drawback is that the chain of command in a matrix may become cloudy and conflicted.Organizational Charts If you or your staff have trouble visualizing a proposed structure, you can use an organizational chart to see it clearly. The New York and Erie Railroad developed the first organizational charts in the 19th century as a way to improve management efficiency. A chart shows the lines of authority and control running between different departments and levels of management. A well-designed chart will make it easy to see who makes decisions, who reports to whom and how your organization divides up its operating functions. Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results Table of Contents Understand the importance of business processes in delivering outcomes based upon business goals and objectives 2 Be able to develop plans for own area of responsibility to implement operational plans 3 Be able to monitor appropriate systems to improve organisational performance 4 Be able to manage health and safety in the workplace. 1: 1. 1 evaluate the interrelationship between the different processes and functions of the organisation 1. 2 justify the methodology to be used to map processes to the organisation’s goals and objectives 1. 3 evaluate the output of the process and the quality gateways 2: 2. 1 design plans which promote goals and objectives for own area of responsibility 2. 2 write objectives, which are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-based to align people and other resources in an effective and efficient way2. 3 implement appropriate systems to achieve objectives in the most efficient way, on time, to budget and meeting orga nisational standards of quality 2. 4 carry out work activities meeting the operational plan through effective monitoring and control 3: 3. 1 design systems to manage and monitor quality standards specified by the organisation 3. demonstrate a quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring, evaluation and development of the process 3. 3 recommend improvements which align with the organisation’s objectives and goals and which result in improvements 3. 4 report on the wider implications of proposed changes within the organisation 4: 4. 1 carry out risk assessments as required by legislation, regulation and organisational requirements ensuring appropriate action is taken 4. 2 demonstrate that health and safety regulations and legislation applicable in specific work situations are correctly and effectively applied 4. carry out a systematic review of organisational health and safety policies and procedures in order to ensure they are effective and compliant 4. 4 carry out practica l application of health and safety policies and procedures in the workplace. 1. 1 – The Interrelationship Between the Different Processes and Functions of the organisation Your business's functions are the things it does — production, sales, marketing, research and billing, for example. The organizational structure defines the relationship and interactions between the parts of your business, and identifies how the chain of command runs through the different levels.You can set up your business structure around your organizational functions, but even if you don't, function and structure will influence each other. Functional Structure Most businesses adopt a functional organizational structure: Different functions go into separate departments that report to department managers, who then report to someone higher up. If you adopt a functional structure, it has the advantage of clear lines of authority, and allows each employee to concentrate on her particular mission. The d rawback is that you can end up with departments that don't talk to each other or cooperate well.A customer may get bounced from department to department if his problem doesn't relate to one particular function. Divisional Structure A divisional organizational structure spreads functions across different branches: If you have different product lines, the division for each product line has its own marketing, R&D, sales and accounting departments. The advantage of this approach is that each branch has the personnel to carry out all necessary functions. The drawback is that with employees in each division performing identical functions, you could end up with a lot of redundancy and inefficiency.Matrix Structure Using a matrix structure in your business can give you greater flexibility in business functions than a more hierarchical organization. In a matrix structure, each employee works in a function-based department, such as marketing or finance, but they can be assigned to projects un der different managers and teamed with employees who have different functions. This structure adapts organizational function to changing organizational needs. The drawback is that the chain of command in a matrix may become cloudy and conflicted.Organizational Charts If you or your staff have trouble visualizing a proposed structure, you can use an organizational chart to see it clearly. The New York and Erie Railroad developed the first organizational charts in the 19th century as a way to improve management efficiency. A chart shows the lines of authority and control running between different departments and levels of management. A well-designed chart will make it easy to see who makes decisions, who reports to whom and how your organization divides up its operating functions.

Having a Fit

Having a Fit Having a Fit Having a Fit By Maeve Maddox The little word fit has multiple functions and occurs in numerous expressions. In Middle English, the noun fit denoted an intense experience that could be painful, dangerous, or exciting. By the 16th century, a fit could denote a paroxysm, or the recurrent attack of an ailment. In the 17th century fit took on the meaning of a sudden seizure with loss of consciousness, or accompanied with convulsions. By the 19th century, fit was used in expressions of exaggeration such as â€Å"to throw a fit† in the sense of â€Å"to fly into a rage.† Because fits are of limited duration, the noun fit also took on the sense of a limited, usually brief, period of time: â€Å"We’ve had a fit of wet weather.† Fit also functions as an adjective: a synonym for appropriate or well-suited. For example, a man might be â€Å"fit for a certain job,† or a certain type of food might be â€Å"fit for an invalid.† Fit can also mean inclined or disposed. A tired person might be â€Å"fit to collapse.† An angry person might be â€Å"fit to be tied.† A child trying to keep a secret might be â€Å"fit to burst.† Fit (and fitting) also applies to social behavior. In Gone With the Wind, the character Mammy uses the word in this sense when she reprimands Scarlett for unladylike behavior: â€Å"It ain’t fittin; it just ain’t fittin’.† In the 19th century, fit took on the meaning â€Å"in good health† or â€Å"in good physical condition.† People go to the gym â€Å"to get fit.† As a verb, in addition to meanings related to those mentioned, fit can mean â€Å"to be of the right shape and size.† Here are some common expressions that use the word fit: to have a fit to become upset about something Ex. Don’t have a fit; I’ll make your sandwich in a minute. hissy fit an outburst of temper, a tantrum. Hissy may be a shortening of hysterical. Ex. Aunt Ida is having a hissy fit; somebody broke her garden gnome. survival of the fittest The expression was coined by Herbert Spencer in reference to the Darwinian theory that animals best-adapted to an environment continue to reproduce and evolve. In this context, â€Å"the fit† are those animals suited to succeed. It is frequently used figuratively. Ex. In cable, it’s survival of the fittest as channels drop from the bundle. in fits and starts spasmodically; at irregular intervals. Ex. He’s been cleaning the garage in fits and starts. fit to be tied extremely angry Ex. When Father saw someone had left the gate open, he was fit to be tied. fighting fit at the peak of one’s physical form Ex. Papiss Cisse says he’s fighting fit to help lead the charge against Queens Park Rangers. fit as a fiddle in good health; in good physical condition Ex. After making a full recovery from his plane crash, Harrison Ford, 72, was once again seen looking fit as a fiddle as he visited his office in Brentwood.   Note: Before the 19th century, the expressions â€Å"fit as a fiddle† and â€Å"fine as a fiddle† meant â€Å"appropriate for the occasion.† to fit in (1) to belong, to assimilate well Ex. The pledge master warned the freshmen that if they didn’t like partying, they would not fit in. to fit in (2) to find time for Ex. I’ll check my calendar and try to fit you in on Friday. if the shoe fits This is a shortening of â€Å"If the shoe fits, you must wear it.† The expression usually occurs as an unsympathetic response. Ex. GEORGE: Just because I forgot her birthday, she says I don’t really care about her. ALICE: If the shoe fits The unexpressed thought is â€Å"If what she says is true, admit it.† to fit like a glove to fit perfectly Ex. That new job fits her like a glove. to fit the bill to correspond to certain requirements Ex. With your background in teaching, nursing, and music, you fit the bill for the job of camp musical director. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?Best Websites to Learn English20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

The List of All US Colleges with a Public Relations Major

Are you someone who can’t help but tell all your friends about your new favorite things? Maybe it’s a book you just read or a TV show you just finished, but as soon as you can, you’re looking for ways to tell more people so they can enjoy them too. Or maybe you love strategy and developing your campaign to run for student council was the highlight of your high school experience. Or maybe when something goes wrong at the nth hour, you’re the one everyone turns to for a solution—and you thrive on that adrenaline. If you can see yourself in any of those scenarios, Public Relations might be the major for you. Public Relations is a unique major that’s closely related to marketing, though they are different. In this major, you will develop strong writing and communication skills, learn data analysis, and set yourself up for success in a variety of fields. The most straightforward career path after studying Public Relations is, of course, to work in PR, either at a firm working on a variety of campaigns for different types of brands and products, or in-house for a specific brand working on all their products. Other careers that this major would prepare you well for include publicity, crisis management, and social media specialist, though strong writing and communication skills are highly sought after in many fields. It should come as no surprise that academic performance like your grades and test scores are important when applying as a Public Relations major. You will want an impressive GPA as well as a rigorous course load showing that you are taking advantage of your school’s available honors and AP classes, especially in classes that require strong writing skills like English and history courses. Because Public Relations is a more specialized major, one way to stand out is to curate your extracurriculars to demonstrate your interest early on. Look for school-level activities that relate to the skills you want to develop further with a Public Relations degree, like the newspaper, debate team, student council, and event planning committees. You can also look into interning with or shadowing a PR professional in your area. There’s a lot to consider when thinking of developing your college profile, which is why the Early Advising Program can help you decide on a strategy for your Public Relations application as early as 9 th or 10 th grade. You’ll be paired with a specialist who will help you decide on courses, pursue extracurriculars, and answer your early-stage college application questions. Because Public Relations is a more specialized major, fewer schools offer degree programs. This might be the biggest way you narrow down your school list, but even when looking just at schools with Public Relations majors, there is still a variety of other factors to consider, like size, location, or the feel of the campus. That’s why one of the best ways you can improve your chances of being accepted as a Public Relations major is creating a list of schools that are a good fit for you academically and personally. With the College Strategy Program , can help you build a strong school list as early as 11 th grade. You’ll work one on one with a specialist to tailor your school list based on your preferences and, with our exclusive chancing engine, understand how your profile compares to similar applicants. Because Public Relations is a field that requires strong communications skills, you will want to take extra care while writing your college application essays. Choose topics true to who you are and allow your voice to shine through while remaining within the prompt. This is your last opportunity to demonstrate your passion and predisposition for Public Relations, so your writing samples are especially important. With the Applications Program , you’ll be paired with an admissions specialist who will help you develop an essay strategy for applying to your top schools. They will provide one-on-one guidance throughout the admissions process and help you submit your best applications. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Abilene Christian University | ACU Alderson Broaddus University | AB American University Anderson University (Indiana) Anderson University (South Carolina) Appalachian State University Ashland University Auburn University Austin Peay State University | APSU Azusa Pacific University | APU Baldwin Wallace University | BW Ball State University | BSU Barry University Belhaven University Belmont University Bethel College (Indiana) Biola University Black Hills State University | BHSU Bloomsburg University | BloomU Boise State University | BSU Bowie State University | BSU Bradley University Brigham Young University | BYU C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University | LIU Post California Baptist University | CBU California State University, Dominguez Hills | CSUDH California State University, Fresno | CSU Fresno Canisius College Capital University Cardinal Stritch University Carroll College Carthage College Castleton University Central Michigan University | CMU Central Washington University | CWU Chapman University City College of New York | CCNY Coe College Columbia College (Missouri) Columbia College (South Carolina) Columbia College Chicago Concordia University Ann Arbor Concordia University Nebraska Concordia University Wisconsin | CUW Concordia University, St. Paul Culver–Stockton College Curry College Dallas Baptist University | DBU Delaware State University | Del State DePaul University Duquesne University East Central University | ECU East Texas Baptist University | ETBU Eastern Illinois University | EIU Eastern Kentucky University | EKU Eastern Michigan University | EMU Eastern New Mexico University | ENMU Emerson College Evangel University Fairfield University Fairleigh Dickinson University | FDU Ferris State University Fisher College Florida A&M University | FAMU Florida Gulf Coast University | FGCU Florida International University | FIU Florida Memorial University Florida State University | FSU Freed–Hardeman University | FHU Frostburg State University Gallaudet University Gannon University Georgia Southern University Golden Gate University | GGU Gonzaga University Goshen College Grand Valley State University | GVSU Hannibal–LaGrange University | HLGU Hardin–Simmons University | HSU Harding University Harris–Stowe State University Hofstra University Hunter College | CUNY Hunter Huntington University Illinois State University | ISU Indian River State College | IRSC Indiana University of Pennsylvania | IUP Iona College Iowa State University Jacksonville State University | JSU John Brown University | JBU Kalamazoo College Kansas Wesleyan University | KWU Kennesaw State University | KSU Kent State University Kutztown University of Pennsylvania | KU La Salle University La Sierra University | LSU Lake Erie College Lander University Lasell College | LC Lee University Lehman College | CUNY Lehman Lewis University Lincoln University (Missouri) Lindenwood University Lindsey Wilson College Lipscomb University Longwood University Loras College Louisiana College Louisiana State University | LSU Loyola University Chicago Marietta College Marshall University Marymount Manhattan College Marywood University McKendree University | McK Mercy College Messiah College Middle Tennessee State University | MTSU Millersville University of Pennsylvania | MU Milligan College Minnesota State University Moorhead | MSUM Mississippi Valley State University | MVSU Missouri Baptist University Missouri Southern State University Missouri State University | MSU Missouri Western State University Monmouth University Montana State University Billings | MSU Billings Montclair State University | MSU Mount Mary University Mount Mercy University Mount Vernon Nazarene University | MVNU Murray State University | MSU Muskingum University National Louis University | NLU New College of Florida New York Institute of Technology | NYIT Newberry College Nicholls State University North Dakota State University | NDSU Northcentral University Northern Kentucky University Northern Michigan University | NMU Northwest Nazarene University | NNU Oakland University Oakwood University Ohio Wesleyan University Oklahoma Baptist University | OBU Oklahoma Christian University | OC Old Dominion University | ODU Olivet Nazarene University | ONU Otterbein University Our Lady of the Lake University | OLLU Palm Beach Atlantic University | PBA Park University Pennsylvania State University | PSU Pepperdine University Peru State College Point Park University Quinnipiac University Radford University Rhodes College Rider University Robert Morris University | RMU (Pennsylvania) Rochester Institute of Technology | RIT Roger Williams University | RWU Rogers State University Rowan University Rutgers University–Newark Sacred Heart University | SHU Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota | SMU Salem State University Samford University San Jose State University | SJSU Savannah State University Seton Hall University Simmons College Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania | SRU South Dakota State University Southeastern University Southern Adventist University Southern Methodist University | SMU Southern New Hampshire University | SNHU Southwest Baptist University | SBU Spring Arbor University | SAU St. Anselm College St. John Fisher College St. John’s University St. Joseph’s College (New York) | SJC State University of New York at Fredonia | SUNY Fredonia State University of New York at Oswego | SUNY Oswego State University of New York at Plattsburgh | SUNY Plattsburgh Sterling College Suffolk University Syracuse University Taylor University Temple University Texas State University Union University University of Alabama University of Central Arkansas | UCA University of Central Florida | UCF University of Central Missouri | UCM University of Delaware University of Findlay | UF University of Florida University of Georgia University of Houston University of Idaho University of Louisiana at Lafayette | UL Lafayette University of Lynchburg University of Memphis University of Miami University of Mount Union University of Nebraska at Kearney | UNK University of Nebraska–Lincoln | UNL University of New Hampshire | UNH University of North Alabama | UNA University of North Florida | UNF University of Northwestern – St. Paul University of Oklahoma University of Oregon University of Rhode Island | URI University of South Carolina | USC University of South Carolina Upstate | USC Upstate University of South Dakota | USD University of South Florida | USF University of Southern California | USC University of Southern Indiana | USI University of Southern Mississippi | Southern Miss University of Tennessee University of Tennessee at Martin | UTM University of Texas at Austin | UT Austin University of Texas at San Antonio | UTSA University of the District of Columbia | UDC University of Wisconsin–Green Bay | UW–Green Bay University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh | UW Oshkosh University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point | UW–Stevens Point Utah Valley University | UVU Utica College Valdosta State University | VSU Virginia Tech Walla Walla University Washburn University Wayne State College Wayne State University | WSU Waynesburg University Weber State University Webster University West Liberty University West Texas A&M University | WTAMU West Virginia University | WVU West Virginia Wesleyan College Western Kentucky University | WKU Western Michigan University | WMU Wilkes University Winona State University | WSU Xavier University York College of Pennsylvania York College, City University of New York | CUNY York Youngstown State University With more than 10,000 students helped through the applications process, the Applications Program is a data-driven approach to college admissions. Working one-on-one with an admissions specialist, you’ll have access to exclusive tools like our chancing engine, which gives you your real admissions chances at hundreds of schools across the nation based on your academic and extracurricular profile, and our return-on-investment college cost calculator.

The Top 3 management principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Top 3 management principle - Essay Example The top three management principles that can make superior healthcare managers are strategic and operational planning and decision-making, performance management, and change management because they make managers aware of and responsive to both internal and external management and leadership needs. The first important management principle is strategic and operational planning and decision-making because they merge the functions of managers as â€Å"managers† and â€Å"leaders.† Management is differentiated from leadership because managers are concerned of planning and managing daily operations, while leaders are concerned of leading critical organizational and/or environmental changes. A superior healthcare manager must be both: a leader who can produce strategic plans that deal with changes in and outside the organization and a manager who can turn these plans to workable operation plans and who can monitor, evaluate, and direct their daily applications (Liebler and McConnell 92). An example is creating the strategic plan of automating the information system of the hospital that uses traditional paper formats, while an operational plan is having a comprehensive financial operational management plan that will deal with upcoming budget cuts. These plans, in additi on, are different in their scope, timeframe, and repetitiveness levels. Strategic plans are broad, made for long-term goals, and single-standing, while operational plans are specific, short-term objectives that are repeated, unless strategic changes are made. These plans, moreover, require making strategic and operational decisions (Liebler and McConnell 116-117). A strategic decision is choosing what road to take, while an operational decision is choosing how best to take the journey on that specific road. In the absence of middle and lower level managers who cannot make operational decisions or when upper management is called to help decide